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| To the Instructor | |
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| To the Student | |
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| Introduction to Research in Education | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| Why Research? | |
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| Sources of Knowledge | |
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| Personal Experience | |
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| Tradition | |
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| Authority | |
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| Research | |
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| Characteristics of Scientific Inquiry | |
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| The Nature of Scientific Inquiry | |
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| Purpose of Scientific Inquiry | |
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| Principles of Scientific Inquiry | |
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| Applying Systematic Inquiry to Education | |
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| Types of Educational Research | |
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| Two Major Traditions of Research: Quantitative and Qualitative | |
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| Basic, Applied, Evaluation, and Action Research | |
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| Research Ethics | |
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| Educational Research Article Format | |
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| Title and Author(s) | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Review of Literature | |
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| Specific Research Question or Hypothesis | |
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| Method and Design | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Anatomy of a Research Article | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Research Problems, Variables, and Hypotheses | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| Research Problems | |
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| Sources for Research Problems | |
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| Quantitative Research Problem Statements and Questions | |
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| Variables in Quantitative Research | |
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| Conceptual and Operational Definitions | |
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| Types of Variables | |
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| Specific Quantitative Research Problem Statements and Questions | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Quantitative Research Problems | |
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| Hypotheses | |
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| Why Researchers Use Hypotheses | |
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| Types of Hypotheses | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Research Hypotheses | |
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| Qualitative Research Problem Statements and Questions | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Qualitative Research Problems | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Locating and Reviewing Related Literature | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| The Purpose of Reviewing Related Literature | |
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| Refining the Research Problem | |
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| Establishing the Conceptual or Theoretical Orientation | |
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| Developing Significance | |
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| Identifying Methodological Limitations | |
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| Identifying Contradictory Findings | |
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| Developing Research Hypotheses | |
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| Learning About New Information | |
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| Steps to Review Related Literature | |
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| Select a Topic and Key Terms | |
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| Identify Database and Access Software | |
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| Conduct Search | |
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| Identify the Source as Primary or Secondary | |
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| Summarize and Analyze Primary Source Information | |
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| Organize and Write the Review | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating the Review of Literature | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Using the Internet for Educational Research | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| Introduction to the Internet | |
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| Strengths and Weaknesses of Using the Internet for Educational Research | |
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| Organization of Information on the World Wide Web | |
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| Similarities Between Online and Print Research Techniques | |
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| Differences Between Online and Print Research Techniques | |
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| Elements of Website Organization | |
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| Internet Search Strategies | |
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| Subject Directories | |
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| Search Engines | |
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| Metasearch Engines | |
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| Blurring the Line Between Search Engine and Search Directory | |
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| Beyond Web Pages: Scholarly Communication Strategies | |
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| E-Mail | |
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| Newsgroups, E-Mail Discussion Groups, and Listservs | |
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| Conferencing and Telecommunications | |
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| Using Known Locations | |
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| Review of Education Websites | |
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| Federal Government | |
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| State Government | |
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| National Research Centers | |
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| Regional Educational Laboratories | |
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| Associations and Organizations | |
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| Online Journals, Reviews and Abstracts | |
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| Statistics | |
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| Associations and University Web Pages | |
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| Institute of Education Sciences | |
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| Consumer Tips: How to Cite Internet Resources in Your References | |
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| Consumer Tips: Evaluating Information on the Internet | |
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| Using Educational Research: Internet Search Samples | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Participants, Subjects, and Sampling | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| What Is a Participant, a Subject, and a Sample? | |
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| Types of Sampling Procedures for Quantitative Studies | |
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| Probability Sampling | |
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| Nonprobability Sampling | |
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| Types of Sampling Procedures for Qualitative Studies | |
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| Typical Case Sampling | |
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| Extreme Case Sampling | |
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| Maximum Variation Sampling | |
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| Snowball Sampling | |
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| Critical Case Sampling | |
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| How Participants and Sampling Affect Research | |
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| Knowledge of Sampling Procedures | |
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| Volunteer Samples | |
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| Sample Size | |
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| Subject Motivation | |
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| Sampling Bias | |
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| Response Variability | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Subjects Sections of Reports and Sampling Procedures | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Foundations of Educational Measurement | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| Introduction to Measurement | |
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| What Is Measurement? | |
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| What Is Evaluation? | |
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| What Is Assessment? | |
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| The Purpose of Measurement for Research | |
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| Scales of Measurement | |
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| Principles of Descriptive Statistics for Understanding Measurement | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Validity of Measurement | |
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| What Is Validity? | |
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| Sources of Validity Evidence | |
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| Effect of Validity on Research | |
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| Reliability of Measurement | |
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| Types of Reliability | |
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| Effect of Reliability on Research | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Types of Educational Measures | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| Classifying Educational Measures | |
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| Tests | |
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| Norm- and Criterion-Referenced Interpretations | |
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| Large-Scale Standardized Tests | |
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| Scores from Norm-Referenced Interpretations | |
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| Questionnaires | |
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| Personality Assessment | |
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| Attitude, Value, and Interest Questionnaires | |
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| Problems in Measuring Noncognitive Traits | |
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| Observations | |
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| Inference | |
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| Laboratory Observation | |
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| Structured Field Observations | |
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| Observer Effects | |
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| Interviews | |
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| Types of Interview Questions | |
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| Interviewer Effects | |
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| Locating and Evaluating Educational Measures | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Instrumentation | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Nonexperimental Quantitative Research Designs | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| The Purpose of Nonexperimental Research | |
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| Descriptive Studies | |
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| Characteristics of Descriptive Studies | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Descriptive Studies | |
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| Relationships in Nonexperimental Designs | |
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| Comparative Studies | |
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| Characteristics of Comparative Studies | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Comparative Studies | |
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| Correlational Studies | |
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| Characteristics of Correlational Studies | |
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| Prediction Studies | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Correlational Studies | |
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| Causal-Comparative and Ex Post Facto Studies | |
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| Causal-Comparative Designs | |
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| Ex Post Facto Studies | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Causal-Comparative and Ex Post Facto Studies | |
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| Using Surveys in Nonexperimental Research | |
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| Cross-Sectional Surveys | |
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| Longitudinal Surveys | |
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| Internet-Based Surveys | |
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| Anatomy of a Nonexperimental Quantitative Research Study | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Experimental Research Designs | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| Characteristics of Experimental Research | |
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| Experimental Validity | |
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| Internal Validity | |
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| External Validity | |
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| Types of Experimental Designs | |
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| Single-Group Posttest-Only Design | |
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| Single-Group Pretest-Posttest Design | |
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| Nonequivalent-Groups Posttest-Only Design | |
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| Nonequivalent-Groups Pretest-Posttest Design | |
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| Randomized-to-Groups Posttest-Only Design | |
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| Randomized-to-Groups Pretest-Posttest Design | |
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| Factorial Designs | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Experimental Research | |
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| Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Characteristics of Single-Subject Research | |
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| Types of Single-Subject Designs | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Single-Subject Research | |
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| Anatomy of an Experimental Research Study | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Understanding Statistical Inferences | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| The Purpose and Nature of Inferential Statistics | |
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| Degree of Certainty | |
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| Estimating Errors in Sampling and Measurement | |
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| The Null Hypothesis | |
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| Beyond Significance Testing | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| Effect Size | |
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| Interpreting Results of Specific Inferential Tests | |
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| The t Test | |
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| Simple Analysis of Variance | |
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| Factorial Analysis of Variance | |
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| Analysis of Covariance | |
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| Multivariate Statistics | |
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| Chi-Square | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Inferential Statistics | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Qualitative Research Designs and Analysis | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| Introduction to Qualitative Research | |
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| Characteristics of Qualitative Research | |
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| Natural Settings | |
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| Direct Data Collection | |
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| Rich Narrative Descriptions | |
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| Process Orientation | |
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| Inductive Data Analysis | |
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| Participant Perspectives | |
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| Emergent Research Design | |
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| Ethnographic Studies | |
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| Identifying and Entering the Research Site | |
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| Selecting Participants | |
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| Obtaining Data | |
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| Data Analysis and Interpretation | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Research Problem Statement | |
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| Entering the Research Site | |
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| Selecting Participants | |
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| Obtaining Data | |
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| Data Analysis | |
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| Phenomenological Studies | |
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| Grounded Theory Studies | |
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| Credibility of Qualitative Research | |
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| Triangulation | |
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| Reliability | |
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| External Validity | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Qualitative Research | |
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| Anatomy of a Qualitative Research Study | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Mixed-Method and Action Research | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| Introduction to Mixed-Method Research | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Mixed-Method Designs | |
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| When to Use Mixed-Method Designs | |
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| Types of Mixed-Method Designs | |
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| Characteristics and Procedural Considerations for Mixed-Method Designs | |
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| Steps in Conducting a Mixed-Method Study | |
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| Consumer Tips: Evaluating Mixed-Method Studies | |
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| Anatomy of a Mixed-Method Research Study | |
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| Action Research | |
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| What Is Action Research? | |
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| Benefits of Action Research | |
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| Conducting Action Research | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Action Research | |
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| Anatomy of an Action Research Study | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Discussion and Conclusions | |
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| Chapter Road Map | |
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| Purpose and Nature of the Discussion | |
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| Interpretation of the Results | |
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| Interpretation Related to the Problem and/or Hypothesis | |
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| Interpretation Based on Theory | |
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| Interpretation Related to Methodology | |
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| Interpretation Based on Statistical Procedures | |
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| Interpretation Related to Previous Research | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Limitations | |
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| Recommendations and Implications | |
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| Consumer Tips: Criteria for Evaluating Discussion and Conclusion Sections | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Intelligent Consumer: Putting it All Together | |
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| Questions for Quantitative Studies | |
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| Questions for Qualitative Studies | |
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| Questions for Mixed-Method Studies | |
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| Examples of Research Articles | |
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| References | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |