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| Preface | |
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| A Journey: From Student to Professional | |
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| Helping Others to Help Themselves | |
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| The Professionals | |
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| Audiologists | |
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| Speech-Language Pathologists | |
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| Speech, Language, and Hearing Scientists | |
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| Related Professions: A Team Approach | |
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| Service through the Lifespan | |
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| Professional Organizations | |
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| American Speech-Language-Hearing Association | |
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| Related Professional Associations | |
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| Communication Disorders in Historical Perspective | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Code of Ethics | |
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| Typical and Disordered Communication | |
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| Human Communication | |
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| The Social Animal | |
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| Means of Communication | |
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| Communication through the Lifespan | |
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| Communication Impairments | |
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| Language Disorders | |
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| Speech Disorders | |
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| Hearing Disorders | |
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| Central Auditory Processing Disorders | |
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| How Common Are Communication Disorders? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Anatomy and Physiology Related to Speech, Hearing, and Language | |
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| The Physiological Subsystems Supporting Speech | |
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| The Respiratory System | |
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| The Laryngeal System | |
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| The Articulatory/Resonating System | |
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| The Speech Production Process | |
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| Anatomical and Physiological Changes to the Speech Mechanism through the Lifespan | |
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| The Respiratory System | |
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| The Laryngeal System | |
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| The Articulatory/Resonating System | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Assessment and Intervention | |
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| Differences, Dialects, Disorders | |
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| A Communication Continuum | |
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| Dialects | |
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| Disorders | |
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| Is There a Problem? | |
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| Referrals | |
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| Screening | |
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| Defining the Problem | |
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| Assessment Goals | |
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| Assessment Procedures | |
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| Intervention with Communication Disorders | |
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| Evidence-Based Practice | |
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| Objectives of Intervention | |
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| Target Selection | |
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| Baseline Data | |
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| Behavioral Objectives | |
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| Clinical Elements | |
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| Measuring Effectiveness | |
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| Follow-up and Maintenance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Childhood Language Impairments | |
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| Language Development through the Lifespan | |
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| Pre-Language | |
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| Toddler Language | |
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| Preschool Language | |
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| School-Age and Adolescent Language | |
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| Adult Language | |
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| Associated Disorders and Related Causes | |
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| Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities | |
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| Learning Disabilities | |
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| Specific Language Impairment | |
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| Autism Spectrum and Pervasive Development Disorders | |
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| Brain Injury | |
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| Neglect and Abuse | |
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| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Drug-Exposed Children | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Aspects of Language Affected | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Referral and Screening | |
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| Case History and Interview | |
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| Observation | |
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| Testing | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Intervention | |
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| Target Selection and Sequence of Training | |
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| Intervention Principles | |
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| Intervention Procedures | |
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| Intervention through the Lifespan | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Developmental Literacy Impairments | |
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| Reading | |
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| Phonological Awareness | |
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| Comprehension | |
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| Reading Development through the Lifespan | |
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| Reading Problems through the Lifespan | |
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| Assessment of Developmental Reading | |
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| Intervention for Developmental Reading Impairment | |
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| Writing | |
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| Spelling | |
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| Writing Development through the Lifespan | |
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| Writing Problems through the Lifespan | |
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| Assessment of Developmental Writing | |
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| Intervention for Developmental Writing Impairment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Adult Language Impairments | |
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| Language Development through the Lifespan | |
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| Use | |
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| Content | |
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| Form | |
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| Aphasia | |
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| Concomitant or Accompanying Deficits | |
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| Types of Aphasia | |
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| Causes of Aphasia | |
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| Lifespan Issues | |
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| Assessment for Aphasia | |
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| Intervention | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Right Hemisphere Injury | |
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| Characteristics | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Intervention | |
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| Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | |
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| Characteristics | |
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| Lifespan Issues | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Intervention | |
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| Dementia | |
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| Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Fluency Disorders | |
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| Fluent Speech versus Stuttering | |
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| Normal Disfluencies | |
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| Stuttered Disfluencies | |
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| The Onset and Development of Stuttering through the Lifespan | |
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| The Effects of Stuttering through the Lifespan | |
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| Theories and Conceptualizations of Stuttering | |
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| Organic Theory | |
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| Behavioral Theory | |
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| Psychological Theory | |
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| Current Conceptual Models of Stuttering | |
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| Therapeutic Techniques Used with Young Children | |
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| The Evaluation of Stuttering | |
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| Indirect and Direct Stuttering Intervention | |
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| Parental Counseling | |
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| Therapeutic Techniques Used with Older Children and Adults Who Stutter | |
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| Modifying the Timing of Speech Movements | |
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| Modifying the Physical Tension of Speech Movements | |
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| Selecting Intervention Techniques | |
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| The Effectiveness of Stuttering Intervention through the Lifespan | |
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| Efficacy of Intervention with Preschool-Age Children | |
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| Efficacy of Therapy with School-Age Children | |
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| Efficacy of Intervention with Adolescents and Adults | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| The Voice and Voice Disorders | |
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| Changes in Voice Production through the Lifespan | |
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| Infancy and Childhood | |
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| Adulthood | |
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| Advanced Age | |
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| Pitch and the Pitch-Changing Mechanism | |
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| Vocal Intensity and the Intensity-Changing Mechanism | |
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| Disorders of Voice | |
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| Disorders of Vocal Pitch | |
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| Disorders of Vocal Loudness | |
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| Disorders of Vocal Quality | |
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| Nonphonatory Vocal Disorders | |
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| Voice Disorders Associated with Vocal Misuse or Abuse | |
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| Voice Disorders Associated with Medical or Physical Conditions | |
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| Voice Disorders Associated with Hypoadduction | |
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| Voice Disorders Associated with Hyperadduction | |
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| Other Conditions that Affect Voice Production | |
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| Voice Disorders Associated with Psychological or Stress Conditions | |
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| The Voice Evaluation and Intervention | |
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| The Voice Evaluation | |
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| Intervention for Voice Disorders Associated with Vocal Misuse or Abuse | |
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| Intervention for Voice Disorders Associated with Medical or Physical Conditions | |
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| Intervention for Voice Disorders Associated with Psychological or Stress Conditions | |
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| Efficacy of Voice Therapy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Disorders of Articulation and Phonology | |
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| Understanding Speech Sounds | |
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| Classification of Consonants by Place and Manner | |
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| Classification of Vowels by Tongue and Lip Position and Tension | |
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| Distinctive Feature Analysis | |
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| Speech Sound Development through the Lifespan | |
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| Pre-Speech | |
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| Toddler Speech | |
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| Preschool Speech | |
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| School-Age Speech | |
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| Phonology and Articulation | |
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| Associated Disorders and Related Causes | |
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| Developmental Impairment in Children | |
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| Language Impairments | |
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| Hearing Impairments | |
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| Neuromuscular Disorders | |
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| Apraxia of Speech | |
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| Cleft Palate | |
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| Other Organic Abnormalities | |
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| Language and Dialectal Variations | |
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| Characteristics of Articulation and Phonology | |
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| Lifespan Issues | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Description of Phonological Status | |
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| Prognostic Indicators | |
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| Intervention | |
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| Target Selection | |
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| Intervention Approaches | |
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| Generalization and Maintenance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate | |
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| Physical Challenges of Clefts through the Lifespan | |
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| The Development of the Face and Palate | |
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| Facial Development | |
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| Development of the Secondary Palate | |
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| Cleft Lip and Palate Classification Systems | |
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| Clinical Features of Clefts | |
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| Cleft of the Lip | |
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| Unilateral Cleft of the Lip and Palate | |
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| Bilateral Cleft of the Lip and Palate | |
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| Submucous Cleft | |
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| Etiologies of Clefts | |
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| Genetic Disorders | |
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| Chromosomal Aberrations | |
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| Teratogenically Induced Disorders | |
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| Mechanically Induced Abnormalities | |
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| Incidence of Clefts | |
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| Gender and Racial Differences | |
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| The Cleft Palate Team and General Management Issues through the Lifespan | |
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| Surgical Management of Clefts | |
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| Dental Management of Clefts | |
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| Audiological Management of Clefts | |
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| Psychosocial Management of Clefts | |
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| Communicative Problems Associated with Clefts | |
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| Voice Disorders | |
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| Resonance Disorders | |
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| Articulation Disorders | |
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| Language Disorders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Neurogenic Speech Disorders | |
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| Causes of Neurogenic Speech Disorders | |
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| Cerebral Palsy | |
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| Types of Cerebral Palsy | |
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| Motor Speech Problems Associated with Cerebral Palsy | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Lifespan Issues | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Intervention | |
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| The Dysarthrias | |
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| Types of Dysarthria and Associated Etiologies | |
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| Lifespan Issues | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Intervention | |
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| Apraxia of Speech | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Intervention | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Disorders of Swallowing | |
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| Lifespan Perspectives | |
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| The Swallowing Process | |
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| Anticipatory Phase | |
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| Oral Phase | |
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| Pharyngeal Phase | |
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| Esophageal Phase | |
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| Disordered Swallowing | |
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| Anticipatory Phase | |
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| Oral Phase | |
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| Pharyngeal Phase | |
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| Esophageal Phase | |
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| Pediatric Dysphagia | |
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| Dysphagia in Adults | |
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| Evaluation for Swallowing | |
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| Screening for Dysphagia in Newborns and the Elderly | |
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| Case History and Background Information Regarding Dysphagia | |
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| Clinical Assessment | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Dysphagia Intervention and Treatment | |
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| Feeding Environment | |
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| Body and Head Positioning | |
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| Modification of Foods and Beverages | |
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| Oral-Motor Exercises and Swallowing Techniques | |
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| Medical and Pharmacological Approaches | |
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| Prognoses and Outcomes for Swallowing Disorders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Resources | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Audiology and Hearing Loss | |
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| Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss | |
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| Hearing Loss through the Lifespan | |
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| Psychosocial Aspects of Hearing Loss | |
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| Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap | |
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| Deafness, the Deaf Community, and Deaf Culture | |
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| What Is Audiology? | |
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| Fundamentals of Sound | |
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| Audibility versus Intelligibility | |
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| Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory System | |
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| The Outer Ear | |
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| The Middle Ear | |
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| The Inner Ear | |
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| The Vestibulocochlear Nerve | |
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| The Central Auditory Nervous System | |
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| Types of Hearing Loss | |
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| Conductive Hearing Loss | |
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| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | |
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| Mixed Hearing Loss | |
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| Auditory Processing Disorders | |
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| Degrees of Hearing Loss | |
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| Audiological Assessment Procedures | |
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| Assessing Infants and Children versus Adults | |
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| Counseling | |
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| Referral and Case History | |
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| Otoscopic Examination | |
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| Electroacoustic and Electrophysiological Testing | |
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| Behavioral Testing | |
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| Aural Habilitation/Rehabilitation | |
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| Amplification | |
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| Assistive Listening Devices | |
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| Auditory Training | |
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| Communication Strategy Training | |
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| Treatment and Management of Auditory Processing Disorders | |
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| Communication Modality | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Augmentative and Alternative Communication | |
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| Types of AAC | |
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| Unaided AAC | |
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| Aided AAC | |
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| Speech and AAC | |
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| Theory and Reality | |
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| Lifespan Issues | |
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| Assessment Considerations | |
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| AAC System Selection | |
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| AAC Symbol Selection | |
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| AAC Vocabulary Selection | |
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| Intervention Considerations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reflections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |