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| Preface | |
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| Children: Our Most Important Resource | |
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| A Brief History of Child Welfare | |
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| Abortion, Infanticide, and Abandonment | |
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| Child Labor and Education | |
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| Responsibility for Children | |
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| Advocacy in the Provision of Services for Children | |
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| The Current Picture of Child Welfare Services | |
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| Impact of Current Child Welfare Practices on Children | |
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| Services in the Twenty-First Century | |
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| Providing Services for Children Today | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The Changing Family | |
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| The Responsibilities and Rights of the Family | |
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| The Setting for Today's Family | |
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| Profile of Today's Family | |
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| Family Roles and Rules | |
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| Communication Patterns | |
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| Observation of the Family as a System | |
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| Types of Families | |
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| The Emotional Climate of Families | |
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| The Impact of Culture on Families | |
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| Families with Anglo-European Roots | |
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| Families with Native American Roots | |
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| Families with African American Roots | |
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| Families with Hispanic Roots | |
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| Families with Asian Roots | |
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| Families with Middle Eastern Roots | |
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| The Family Life Cycle | |
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| Stresses on Families | |
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| Parental/Family Dysfunction | |
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| Role Definition and Inequality | |
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| Parent-Child Relations | |
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| Disability | |
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| When Families Need Help | |
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| Trends | |
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| Economic Stressors | |
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| The Optional Status of Marriage | |
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| The Vanishing Father | |
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| Blended Families | |
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| Resolution of Childhood Conflicts | |
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| Changes in Family Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Children and Poverty | |
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| Characteristics of Poor Children | |
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| Poverty Defined | |
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| Why Children Live in Poverty | |
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| Consequences of Growing Up in Poverty | |
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| Life Stressor Factors | |
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| Health and Health Care Factors | |
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| Nutritional Factors | |
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| Environmental Factors | |
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| Educational Factors | |
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| Recent Efforts to Fight Poverty | |
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| Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) | |
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| Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) | |
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| Child Tax Credit | |
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| Supplemental Security Income (SSI) | |
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| Minimum Wage Increase | |
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| State Child Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) | |
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| The Economics of Poverty | |
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| Reducing Child Poverty | |
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| Attitudinal Changes | |
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| Complex Combination of Two-Generational Strategies | |
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| An Important Footnote | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Current Societal Problems and Their Impact on Children: Violence, Addiction, and Homelessness | |
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| Children and Violence | |
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| War in the Streets | |
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| Violence in Relationships | |
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| The School as a War Zone | |
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| The Home as a War Zone | |
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| Children and Substance Abuse | |
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| Addicted Parents | |
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| Addicted Children and Adolescents | |
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| Effects and Treatment of Adolescent Drug Abuse | |
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| Homeless Families | |
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| Causes of Homelessness | |
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| Homeless Families and Children | |
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| Effects of Homelessness on Children | |
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| Homeless and Runaway Youths | |
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| Changing View of Runaway and Homeless Youths | |
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| Problems and Solutions for Runaway/Homeless Youths | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Serving the Developing Child: Daycare and School-Based Services | |
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| Daycare: Serving Infants and Preschool Children | |
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| A Brief History of Daycare Provision | |
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| Examining the Goals of Daycare Provision | |
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| Types of Daycare | |
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| School-Based Programs | |
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| Philosophy of Education | |
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| Student Support Programs: Addressing Academic, Social, and Emotional Needs | |
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| A Team Approach: Parents and Professionals as Partners | |
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| Controversial Issues and Dilemmas in the Provision of Services | |
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| Trends in the Provision of Educational Services | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Counseling for Families and Children | |
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| What Is Counseling? | |
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| Basic Assumptions | |
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| When a Family Might Seek Counseling | |
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| Self-Referrals | |
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| Referrals by Outside Agencies | |
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| Attitudes about Receiving Counseling | |
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| Self-Referred Clients | |
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| Clients Referred from Outside Agencies | |
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| Attitudes about Having a Problem | |
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| Ethnic and Cross-Cultural Considerations | |
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| Changing Attitudes about Counseling | |
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| Medical Model versus Holistic Model | |
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| The Impact of Feminism | |
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| Types of Counseling | |
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| The Professions | |
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| Settings | |
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| The Counseling Process | |
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| Assessment, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning | |
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| Modalities | |
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| The Experience of Counseling | |
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| Consumer Perspective | |
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| Professional Perspective | |
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| Trends in Counseling Services | |
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| External Forces | |
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| Internal Forces | |
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| Evolving Frontiers in Theory and Practice | |
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| Ethical Considerations in Counseling | |
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| Conidentiality | |
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| The Dilemma of Diagnosis | |
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| Training | |
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| Value System Differences | |
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| Counselor/Client Boundaries | |
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| Power | |
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| Counseling as a Healing Art versus the Business of Mental Health | |
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| Band-Aids versus Commitment to Social Change | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Protecting Children When Families Cannot: Child Abuse and Neglect | |
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| Historical View | |
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| Societal Role of Children | |
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| Child Neglect throughout History | |
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| Child Labor and Maltreatment | |
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| Sexual Mores and Abuses | |
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| Efforts to Control Child Abuse | |
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| Maltreatment Defined | |
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| Physical Abuse | |
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| Physical Neglect | |
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| Sexual Abuse | |
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| Emotional or Psychological Abuse | |
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| Reporting Child Maltreatment | |
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| Intake | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Case Management and Treatment | |
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| Court Intervention in Protective Cases | |
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| Juvenile or Civil Court | |
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| Criminal Court | |
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| The Effect of Court Involvement on Children | |
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| The Role of the Protective Services Worker | |
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| Future of Protective Services | |
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| Narrowing of Services | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Family Preservation or Child Placement?: Serving the Child's Best Interests | |
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| Brief History of Family-Based Services | |
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| Almshouses and Charities | |
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| Scientific Philanthropy | |
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| Settlement House Influence | |
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| Mothers' Pensions | |
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| Public Child Welfare Services | |
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| The Emerging Concept of Permanency Planning | |
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| Demonstrating Effectiveness of Family-Based Services | |
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| Types of Family-Based Services | |
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| Family Support Services | |
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| Family Preservation Services | |
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| Kinship Care: Family Preservation or Child Placement? | |
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| Family Preservation Worker | |
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| Preserve the Family or Place the Child? | |
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| Shaping the Future of Family-Based Services | |
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| Screening of At-Risk Clients | |
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| Attention to Cultural Diversity | |
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| Selection and Training of Workers | |
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| Supervision and Consultation | |
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| Operationalism of Program Design Goals | |
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| Building Community Supports | |
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| Evaluation and Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Court Services on Behalf of Children | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| The Child Savers | |
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| Reform School Movement | |
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| The Concept of Parens Patriae | |
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| The Emergence of the Juvenile Court | |
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| Situations Warranting Juvenile Court Intervention | |
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| Delinquency | |
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| Status Offenses | |
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| Dependency, Abuse, and Neglect | |
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| Related Situations Involving Court Intervention | |
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| Factors Influencing Court Intervention | |
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| The Rights of Juveniles | |
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| Advocating for Children | |
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| Juvenile Court Process and Procedures | |
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| Intake Stage | |
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| Adjudication Stage | |
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| Disposition Stage | |
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| The Role of the Social Worker and the Court | |
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| Consumer Perspective | |
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| Alternative Approaches to Court Intervention | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Treatment of Juvenile Offenders | |
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| Trends | |
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| Should There Be a Separate Juvenile Court? | |
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| Should Status Offenders Come under the Jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court? | |
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| What Should Be Done with Serious Offenders? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Teenage Pregnancy and Parenting | |
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| Definition of Terms | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Through the Eyes of Society: Myths Revisited | |
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| Welfare Mothers | |
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| Medical Concerns | |
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| Development of the Children | |
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| Demographics | |
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| Teens at Risk | |
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| Family Function | |
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| Socioeconomic Status | |
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| Previous Sexual Abuse and Date Rape | |
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| Educational and Behavioral Difficulties | |
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| How Teens Make Decisions about Fertility and Childrearing | |
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| Fathers | |
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| A Teen's View | |
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| Services: Primary Prevention | |
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| Programs Focusing on Sexual Antecedents | |
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| Programs Focusing on Nonsexual Antecedents | |
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| Programs Focusing on Sexual and Nonsexual Antecedents | |
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| Culturally Sensitive Interventions | |
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| Services: Secondary Prevention | |
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| Teen Parents and Their Families | |
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| Keeping Fathers Involved | |
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| Child Care | |
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| Parenting Programs | |
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| Residential Programs | |
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| Trends in Teen Pregnancy Prevention | |
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| Legislative Initiatives | |
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| Focus on Research | |
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| Philosophical Shifts | |
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| The Media | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Children in Family Foster Care | |
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| History of Family Foster Care | |
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| Early Beginnings | |
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| Foster Care in Recent Years | |
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| The Nature of Foster Care Today | |
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| Types of Foster Homes | |
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| Reasons Children Come into Foster Care | |
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| Foster Parents | |
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| Recruitment | |
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| Homestudy and Training | |
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| Placement and Follow-Up | |
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| Stresses of Being a Foster Parent | |
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| Foster Parents as Part of the Team | |
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| Birth Parents with Children in Foster Care | |
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| Attitudes and Reactions | |
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| Rights and Responsibilities of Birth Parents | |
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| When Children Return Home | |
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| Children in Foster Care | |
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| Feelings about Placement and Separation | |
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| Feelings about Natural Parents | |
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| Feelings about Foster Parents | |
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| Life in Foster Care | |
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| Leaving Foster Care | |
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| The Role of the Foster Care Social Worker | |
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| The Future of Foster Care | |
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| Political Influences | |
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| Trends | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The Adoption of Children | |
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| The History of Adoption | |
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| Definitions and Assumptions | |
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| Types of Adoption | |
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| Issues in Adoption Today | |
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| Decreased Number of Adoptable Children | |
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| Changes in Types of Children Available for Adoption | |
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| Controversy over Agency-Assisted versus Independent Adoptions | |
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| Adoption Disruptions and the Need for Follow-Up | |
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| Openness in Adoption | |
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| Effects of Adoption on Children | |
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| Adoptive Participants | |
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| Birth Parents | |
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| Children Available for Adoption | |
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| Adoptive Applicants | |
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| The Adoptive Process | |
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| The Homestudy | |
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| Placement and Legalization | |
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| Postlegalization Services | |
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| Adoption Disruption | |
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| The Role of the Adoption Worker | |
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| The Search | |
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| Supporters of the Search | |
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| Who Searches | |
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| Search Outcome | |
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| Sealed Records | |
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| Consent Contracts | |
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| Trends | |
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| Children Available for Adoption | |
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| Permanency Planning | |
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| Placement Services for Adolescents | |
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| Resources Available | |
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| Lifelong Services | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Children in Residential Settings | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Assumptions about Residential Care | |
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| Types of Residential Settings | |
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| Diagnostic Services | |
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| Intense Therapeutic Services for Dependent Children | |
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| Residential Treatment Centers | |
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| Rehabilitative or Secure Treatment for Delinquents | |
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| Centers for Children with Severe Special Needs | |
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| Children in Residential Settings | |
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| Reasons for Referral | |
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| Adjustment to Placement | |
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| Life in a Residential Setting | |
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| Components of a Residential Setting | |
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| Token Economy and Phase System | |
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| The Influence of Peer Culture | |
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| Handling Crises in Residential Settings | |
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| Sexually Acting Out in Residential Care | |
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| Sexual Abuse of Children in Residential Care | |
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| Working with Families of Children in Residential Care | |
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| Motivation of Parents | |
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| Types of Family Treatment | |
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| Problems in Working with Families | |
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| The Role of Staff in a Residential Setting | |
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| Residential Staff | |
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| Educational Staff | |
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| Clinical Staff | |
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| Other Staff Functions | |
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| The Frustrations of Staff | |
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| Termination | |
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| Return Home | |
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| Placement in a Foster Home or a Less Restrictive Environment | |
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| Placement in a More Restrictive Setting | |
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| Hospitalization | |
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| Independent Living | |
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| Problems within Residential Settings | |
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| Staff Issues | |
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| Abuse in Residential Settings | |
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| Problems for Residential Centers within the Community | |
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| Community Support | |
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| Detriments to Residentially Placed Youths' Education | |
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| Trends | |
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| Population Served Requires a Change in Emphasis | |
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| Restriction in Funding | |
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| More Effective Evaluation | |
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| Family Involvement | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Our Children's Future | |
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| What Is in Our Children's Future? | |
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| Children's Status | |
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| Children in Poverty | |
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| Children at Risk | |
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| Children and Health | |
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| Children and Education | |
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| Preparing Those Who Help Children | |
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| Child Welfare in the Twenty-First Century | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exploration Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |