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Special Features Contents | |
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Preface | |
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About the Authors | |
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The Foundations of Counseling and Therapy: Past and Present Trends | |
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Charting the Theoretical Changes in Counseling and Psychology | |
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Introduction | |
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Multiple Perspectives | |
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Our Stories about Reality Depend on Our Perspective | |
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The Importance of Understanding Our Clients' Worldviews | |
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An Overview of the Three Traditional Theoretical Forces | |
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The Psychodynamic Force | |
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The Cognitive-Behavioral Force | |
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The Existential-Humanistic Force | |
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Limitations of the Three Traditional Theoretical Forces | |
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Newly Emerging Theoretical Forces and Constructs | |
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Postmodernism | |
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Different Worldviews in Counseling and Therapy | |
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Linking Theory to Practice | |
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The Effect of Theoretical Orientation on Therapeutic Response | |
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Spirituality and Religion | |
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The Scientist-Practitioner | |
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Professional Ethics and the Helping Process | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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The Multicultural-Feminist-Social Justice Movement | |
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Introduction | |
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The Rise of the Multicultural-Feminist-Social Justice Force in Counseling and Psychology | |
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Respectful Counseling and Therapy | |
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Religious/Spiritual Identity | |
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Economic Class Background | |
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Sexual Identity | |
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Psychological Maturity | |
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Ethnic/Racial Identity | |
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Chronological Developmental Challenges | |
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Trauma and Other Threats to One's Well-Being | |
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Family Background and History | |
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Unique Physical Characteristics | |
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Location of Residence and Language Differences | |
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Professional Ethics and Multicultural Competence | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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Positive Psychology and Wellness Counseling | |
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Introduction | |
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The Wellness Model | |
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The Essential Self | |
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The Coping Self | |
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The Social Self | |
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The Creative Self | |
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The Physical Self | |
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Taking a Contextual and Personal Approach to Wellness Counseling | |
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Brief Therapy and Wellness Counseling | |
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Limitations and Practical Implications of Brief Therapy and Positive Psychology/Wellness Counseling | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for this Chapter | |
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Using Microskills in Counseling and Therapy: Foundations of the Intentional Interview | |
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Introduction | |
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Professional Intentionality and Intentional Competence | |
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Multicultural Intentionality | |
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Individual, Family, and Cultural Empathy | |
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Defining Empathy: The Facilitative Conditions | |
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Positive Regard and the Positive Asset Search | |
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Respect and Warmth | |
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Concreteness | |
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Immediacy | |
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Congruence, Genuineness, and Authenticity | |
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Microskills: An Integrative Foundation for Counseling and Therapy | |
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Attending Behavior: A Skill Used in All Theories | |
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Influencing Skills and Strategies | |
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Focusing: Internal and External Attribution | |
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Different Skill Patterns for Different Theories | |
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The Five-Stage Interview: A Viable Model for All Theories | |
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Establishing Rapport and Structure | |
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Gathering Data and Identifying Assets | |
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Determining Outcomes and Goal Setting | |
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Generating Alternative Solutions | |
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Generalizing and Transferring Learning | |
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Limitations and Practical Implications of the Microskills Framework | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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The First, Second, and Third Forces in Counseling and Psychotherapy | |
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The Psychodynamic Tradition: Theoretical Constructions and Practical Applications | |
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Introduction | |
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Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalytic Counseling and Therapy: An Overview | |
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Freud's Psychoanalytic Worldview | |
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The Unconscious and a Person's Developmental History | |
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Freud's Stages of Development: The Roots of Behavior, Emotion, and Thought | |
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Other Key Freudian/Psychoanalytic Concepts | |
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The Individual, Family, and Collective Cultural Unconscious | |
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The Id, Ego, and Superego | |
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Anxiety and Ego Defense Mechanisms | |
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Attachment Theory | |
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Early Research | |
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New Defense Mechanisms Associated with Attachment Theory | |
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Adult Resistant and Avoidance Defense Mechanisms | |
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Psychodynamic Counseling and Therapy Strategies: Applications for Practice | |
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Free Association | |
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Interpretation | |
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Dream Analysis and Current Real Issues | |
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Analysis of Resistance | |
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Analysis of Transference and Countertransference | |
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Practical Implications and Limitations of Psychodynamic Methods | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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Adlerian and Jungian Counseling and Therapy | |
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Introduction | |
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Alfred Adler and Adlerian Counseling | |
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Overview of Adler's Theory of Individual Psychology | |
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The Adlerian Worldview | |
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Other Key Adlerian Concepts | |
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Adlerian Counseling and Therapy Strategies: Applications for Practice | |
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Building a Trusting Relationship | |
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The Assessment Stage | |
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Promoting Insight | |
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Reorientation | |
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Practical Implications and Limitations of Adler's Theory | |
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Carl Jung and Jungian Therapy | |
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The Jungian Worldview | |
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The Family Unconscious: Expanding Jungian Concepts through Multicultural Psychodynamic Theory | |
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The Transcendental Function and Individuation | |
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Other Key Jungian Concepts | |
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Jungian Counseling and Therapy Strategies: Applications for Practice | |
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Catharsis and Emotional Cleansing | |
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Elucidation | |
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Education | |
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Transformation | |
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Practical Implications and Limitations of Jung's Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling and Therapy | |
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Introduction | |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: An Overview of Behaviorism | |
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Classical Conditioning Theory: Pavlov and Watson | |
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Operant Conditioning Theory: B. F. Skinner | |
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Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura | |
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Behavioral Counseling and Therapy Strategies: Applications for Practice | |
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Applied Behavioral Analysis | |
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Other Behavioral Strategies | |
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The Cognitive Revolution | |
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Meichenbaum's Theory of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | |
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Aaron Beck, Cognitive Therapy, and Automatic Thoughts | |
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Multicultural Approaches to CBT | |
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CBT Strategies: Applications for Practice | |
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Stress Management | |
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Social Skills Training | |
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Assertiveness Training | |
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Relapse Prevention | |
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Practical Implications and Limitations of CBT | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy and Reality Therapy | |
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Introduction | |
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Cognition and the Cognitive-Behavioral Force: A Worldview | |
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Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy | |
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Ellis's Early Training | |
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Ellis's New Approach | |
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Central Theoretical Constructs and Techniques of REBT | |
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Emotion and REBT | |
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Examining Philosophy and Belief Systems | |
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Identifying Irrational Statements | |
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Integration of Theory and Action | |
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The A-B-Cs of Cognition | |
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The D-E-Fs of Promoting and Maintaining Change | |
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REBT and Multicultural Factors | |
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Moving from REBT to REBCT: A Significant Advancement | |
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Working with Clients | |
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Limitations and Practical Implications of Ellis's Theory | |
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William Glasser and Reality Therapy | |
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Central Theoretical Constructs of Reality Therapy | |
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The Importance of Responsibility | |
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Cognitive Trends in Reality Therapy | |
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Theory in Action | |
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Reality Therapy and Multicultural Counseling and Therapy | |
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Limitations and Practical Implications of Glasser's Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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The Existential-Humanistic Tradition | |
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Introduction | |
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The Existential-Humanistic Worldview | |
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Being-in-the-World | |
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Existential Commitment, Intentionality, and the I-Thou Relationship | |
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The Rogerian Revolution: Carl Rogers's Theoretical Worldview | |
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Adding Multicultural Dimensions to Self-Actualization Theory | |
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Fusion and Boundaries in Relationships | |
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The Influence of Rogers | |
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Spirituality, Multiculturalism, and Existential-Humanistic Counseling | |
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Limitations and Practical Implications of the Existential-Humanistic Tradition | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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Logotherapy and Gestalt Counseling | |
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Introduction | |
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Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy: An Overview | |
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Frankl's Early Years | |
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Personal Tragedy | |
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Frankl's Search for Meaning | |
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Central Theoretical Constructs of Logotherapy | |
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Cognitive Change and Finding Positive Meanings | |
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Logotherapy Strategies: Applications for Practice | |
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Logotherapy, Spirituality, and Medicine | |
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Spirituality and Psychotherapy as Reconciliation | |
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Multicultural Implications of Logotherapy | |
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Fritz Perls and Gestalt Therapy: An Overview | |
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Central Theoretical Constructs and Techniques | |
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The Gestalt Worldview | |
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Gestalt Techniques | |
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Individualism and Other Cultural/Contextual Considerations | |
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Critiquing Perls's Work from a Multicultural-Feminist-Social Justice Perspective | |
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Limitations and Practical Implications of the Existential-Humanistic Tradition | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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The Fourth Force in Counseling and Therapy: Multicultural and Feminist Perspectives | |
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Feminist Counseling and Therapy | |
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Introduction | |
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The Feminist Counseling and Therapy Movement: An Overview | |
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Developing a New Psychology of Women | |
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Jean Baker Miller | |
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Miriam Greenspan | |
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The FCT Worldview | |
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Self-in-Relation: The Important of Relational Considerations | |
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Factors That Disrupt Relational Connections and Undermine Psychological Health | |
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Self-Reflection by Counselors and Therapists | |
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Avoiding "Victimology" | |
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Dealing with Sexism in Counseling and Therapy | |
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Feminist Identity Development Theory | |
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Stages of Feminist Identity Development Theory | |
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Working Intentionally with Women | |
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Focusing Intentionally on Women's Strengths | |
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FCT and Multicultural Counseling and Therapy | |
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Relational-Cultural Theory | |
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Key Concepts Associated with RCT | |
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Implementing RCT in Practice | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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Multicultural Counseling and Therapy | |
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Introduction | |
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Multicultural Counseling and Therapy as Metatheory | |
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Generating New Theory from an MCT Perspective | |
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Using Nwachuku's Helping Theory from an MCT Perspective | |
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Implications of Nwachuku's Model for the MCT Metatheory | |
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Being Mindful of Multiple Identities, Contexts, and Experiences | |
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Life-Span Review: Introspective Developmental Counseling | |
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Focus and Consciousness-Raising Groups | |
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Cultural/Racial Identity Development Theory | |
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Identity Development Theory for European-North American Counselors and Therapists | |
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Coconstructing Culturally Appropriate Techniques and Strategies in MCT | |
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Applying Multicultural Counseling and Therapy with Culturally Different Clients | |
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General Guidelines for Working with Persons in Specific Groups | |
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MCT Practice and Multiple Helping Roles | |
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Network Therapy | |
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Traditional Healing | |
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The Liberation of Consciousness: Self-in-Relation | |
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Freire's Five Levels of Consciousness | |
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Freire's Psychoeducational Method | |
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Relating Friere's Educational Method to Counseling and Therapy Practice | |
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Limitations and Practical Implications of MCT | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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Developmental Counseling and Therapy: Integrative Theory and Practice | |
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Introduction | |
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The Integrative Worldview of Developmental Counseling and Therapy | |
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The Importance of DCT's Dialectic/Systemic Style | |
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Piagetian Cognitive Stages | |
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DCT Styles and Cultural Identity Development Theory | |
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DCT's Approach to Treatment Planning | |
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Integrating Treatment at Multiple Developmental Levels | |
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DCT and the Treatment of Depression | |
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The Unique Narrative Strategies of DCT | |
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Limitations and Practical Implications of the DCT Integrative Approach | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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Family Counseling and Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Issues of Practice | |
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Introduction | |
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Origins of a Family Perspective | |
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The Systemic Worldview | |
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Cultural Impact and Extensions of Family Systems | |
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Central Constructs of Family Counseling and Theory | |
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The Family Developmental Life Cycle | |
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Effective Family Functioning | |
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Multicultural Issues in Family Counseling and Therapy | |
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Attitudes toward Mental Health and Treatment | |
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Network Therapy | |
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Major Family Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories | |
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Classifying Systemic Therapies | |
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Historical Perspective: Intergenerational Family Therapy | |
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Primary Therapeutic Techniques | |
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Interactional Perspective: Structural Family Therapy | |
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Existential Perspective: Symbolic/Experiential Family Therapy | |
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Postmodern and Integrative Perspectives: Systemic Cognitive-Developmental Therapy | |
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Limitations and Practical Implications of Family Counseling and Therapy | |
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Summary | |
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Multimedia Resources for This Chapter | |
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Identifying Your Own Integrated Approach to Counseling and Therapy | |
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Introduction | |
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The Search for the "Best" Theory | |
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The Foundational Chapters: Basic to All Theories | |
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Searching for Theoretical Integration | |
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Multicultural Counseling and Therapy as the Theoretical Fourth Force | |
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A Summary of the Four Major Theoretical Forces of Counseling and Psychotherapy | |
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Qualitative Research-Multicultural Issues | |
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Constructing Your Own View or Theory of Counseling and Therapy | |
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References | |
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Name Index | |
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Subject Index | |