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| Foreword | |
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| Preface to Second Edition | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overview of Chapters | |
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| The Nature of Sound | |
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| Air Pressure | |
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| Measurement of Air Pressure | |
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| Movement of Air | |
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| Air Pressure, Volume, and Density | |
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| Sound: Changes in Air Pressure | |
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| Elasticity and Inertia | |
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| Wave Motion of Sound | |
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| Characteristics of Sound Waves | |
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| Frequency and Period | |
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| Velocity and Wavelength | |
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| Sound Absorption and Reflection | |
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| Constructive and Destructive Interference | |
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| Pure Tones and Complex Waves | |
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| Speech as a Stream of Complex Periodic and Aperiodic Waves | |
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| Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms and Spectra | |
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| Attributes of Sounds | |
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| Frequency and Pitch | |
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| Human Range of Hearing | |
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| Amplitude and Intensity | |
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| Amplitude | |
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| Intensity | |
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| Decibel Scale | |
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| Advantages of the Decibel Scale | |
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| Auditory Area | |
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| Resonance | |
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| Free and Forced Vibration | |
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| Types of Resonators | |
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| Acoustic Resonators | |
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| Acoustic Resonators as Filters | |
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| Bandwidth | |
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| Cutoff Frequencies | |
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| Resonance Curves | |
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| Parameters of a Filter | |
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| Types of Filters | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Clinical Application: Frequency and Intensity Variables | |
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| Vocal Frequency and Amplitude | |
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| Frequency Variables | |
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| Average Fundamental Frequency | |
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| Frequency Variability | |
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| Maximum Phonational Frequency Range | |
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| Amplitude and Intensity Variables | |
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| Average Amplitude Level | |
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| Amplitude Variability | |
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| Dynamic Range | |
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| Voice Range Profile | |
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| Breakdowns in Control of Vocal Frequency and Amplitude | |
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| Voice Disorders | |
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| Neurological Disorders | |
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| Clinical Study | |
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| Background | |
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| Acoustic Measures | |
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| Clinical Questions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| The Respiratory System | |
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| The Structure and Mechanics of the Respiratory System | |
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| Structures of the Lower Respiratory System | |
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| Bronchial Tree | |
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| Muscles of Respiration | |
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| Accessory Muscles of Respiration | |
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| Muscles of the Abdomen | |
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| Pleural Linkage | |
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| Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs | |
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| Inhalation | |
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| Exhalation | |
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| Rate of Breathing | |
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| Lung Volumes and Capacities | |
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| Resting Expiratory Level | |
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| Lung Volumes | |
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| Tidal Volume | |
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| Inspiratory Reserve Volume | |
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| Expiratory Reserve Volume | |
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| Residual Volume | |
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| Dead Air | |
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| Lung Capacities | |
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| Vital Capacity | |
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| Functional Residual Capacity | |
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| Total Lung Capacity | |
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| Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities | |
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| Differences between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech | |
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| Location of Air Intake | |
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| Ratio of Time for Inhalation versus Exhalation | |
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| Volume of Air Inhaled per Cycle | |
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| Muscle Activity for Exhalation | |
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| Air Pressures and Flows in Respiration | |
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| Air Pressures | |
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| Airflow | |
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| Lung Volume and Chest-Wall Shape | |
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| Breathing Patterns for Speech | |
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| Changes in Speech Breathing over the Lifespan | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Clinical Application: Respiratory Breakdowns That Affect Speech Production | |
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| Conditions That Affect Speech Breathing | |
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| Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Cerebellar Disease | |
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| Cervical Spinal Cord Injury | |
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| Cerebral Palsy | |
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| Mechanical Ventilation | |
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| Voice Disorders | |
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| Hearing Impairment | |
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| Clinical Study | |
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| Background | |
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| Clinical Observations | |
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| Acoustic Measures | |
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| Clinical Questions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| The Phonatory System | |
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| The Vocal Mechanism | |
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| Laryngeal Skeleton | |
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| Bones and Cartilages | |
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| Joints of the Larynx | |
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| Valves within the Larynx | |
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| Aryepiglottic Folds | |
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| False Vocal Folds | |
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| True Vocal Folds | |
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| Cover-Body Model | |
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| Glottis | |
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| Muscles of the Larynx | |
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| Extrinsic Muscles | |
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| Intrinsic Muscles | |
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| Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation | |
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| Vertical and Longitudinal Phase Differences during Vibration | |
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| Voice Fundamental Frequency | |
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| Voice Intensity | |
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| Pressures Involved in Phonation | |
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| The Complex Sound Wave of the Human Voice | |
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| Glottal Spectrum | |
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| Harmonic Spacing | |
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| Nearly Periodic Nature of the Human Voice | |
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| Sources of Jitter and Shimmer | |
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| Measurement of Jitter and Shimmer | |
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| Vocal Registers and Vocal Quality | |
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| Vocal Registers | |
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| Physiologic and Acoustic Bases of Pulse and Falsetto Registers | |
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| Pulse | |
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| Falsetto | |
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| Spectral Characteristics of Pulse and Falsetto | |
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| Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking | |
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| Voice Quality | |
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| Normal Voice Quality | |
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| Abnormal Voice Qualities | |
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| Acoustic Characteristics of Breathy and Rough or Hoarse Voice | |
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| Breathy Voice | |
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| Rough or Hoarse Voice | |
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| Ways of Measuring Registers and Quality | |
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| Electroglottography | |
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| EGG and Register | |
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| EGG Slope Quotients | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Clinical Application: Measures of Jitter, Shimmer, and Quality | |
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| Jitter and Shimmer Measures | |
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| Jitter and Shimmer Measures in Communication Disorders | |
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | |
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| Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Endotracheal Intubation | |
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| Laryngeal Cancer | |
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| Functional Voice Problems | |
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| Stuttering | |
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| Measures of Voice Quality | |
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| Need for Objective Measures of Voice Quality | |
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| Aging | |
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| EGG and Vocal Disorders | |
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| EGG and Spasmodic Dysphonia | |
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| EGG and Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Clinical Study | |
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| Background | |
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| Clinical Observations | |
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| Acoustic Measures | |
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| Clinical Questions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| The Articulatory System | |
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| Articulators of the Vocal Tract | |
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| Oral Cavity | |
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| Lips | |
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| Teeth | |
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| Dental Occlusion | |
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| Hard Palate | |
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| Soft Palate | |
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| Muscles of the Velum | |
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| Velopharyngeal Closure | |
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| Tongue | |
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| Muscles of the Tongue | |
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| Tongue Movements for Speech | |
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| Pharynx | |
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| Muscles of the Pharynx | |
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| Nasal Cavities | |
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| Valves of the Vocal Tract | |
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| Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels | |
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| Place of Articulation of English Consonants | |
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| Manner of Articulation of English Consonants | |
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| Stops | |
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| Fricatives | |
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| Affricates | |
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| Nasals | |
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| Glides | |
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| Liquids | |
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| Voicing | |
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| Vowel Classification | |
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| Vocal Tract Resonance | |
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| Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator | |
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| Vocal Tract Filtering of the Glottal Sound Wave | |
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| Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production | |
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| Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes | |
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| Vowel Formant Frequencies | |
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| F[subscript 1]/F[subscript 2] Plots | |
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| Spectrographic Analysis of Sounds | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Diphthongs | |
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| Glides | |
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| Liquids | |
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| Stops | |
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| Fricatives | |
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| Affricates | |
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| Nasals | |
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| The Production of Speech Sounds in Context | |
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| Coarticulation | |
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| Suprasegmentals | |
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| Intonation | |
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| Stress | |
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| Duration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Clinical Application: Breakdowns in Production of Vowels and Consonants | |
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| Source-Filter Theory and Problems in Speech Production | |
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| Dysarthria | |
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| Vowel Duration Measurements | |
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| Vowel Formant Measurements | |
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| Consonant Measures | |
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| Hearing Impairment | |
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| Segmental Problems | |
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| Suprasegmental Problems | |
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| Instrumentation in Treatment Programs for Deaf Speakers | |
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| Palatometry and Glossometry | |
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| Phonological Disorders | |
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| Tracheotomy | |
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| Cleft Palate | |
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| Clinical Study | |
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| Background | |
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| Clinical Observations | |
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| Acoustic Measures | |
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| Clinical Questions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| The Auditory System | |
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| Parts of the Ear | |
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| Outer Ear | |
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| Tympanic Membrane | |
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| Middle Ear | |
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| Ossicles | |
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| Muscles | |
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| Auditory Tube | |
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| Functions of the Middle Ear | |
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| Inner Ear | |
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| Cochlea | |
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| Basilar Membrane | |
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| Cochlear Function | |
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| Perception of Speech | |
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| Segmentation Problem | |
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| Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception | |
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| Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Diphthongs | |
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| Perception of Consonants | |
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| Categorical Perception | |
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| Multiple Acoustic Cues in Consonant Perception | |
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| Influence of Coarticulation | |
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| Liquids | |
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| Glides | |
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| Nasals | |
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| Stops | |
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| Fricatives | |
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| Affricates | |
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| The Role of Context in Speech Perception | |
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| Immittance Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions, and Cochlear Implants | |
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| Immittance Audiometry | |
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| Tympanograms | |
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| Tympanometric Procedure | |
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| Tympanogram Shapes | |
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| Advantages of Tympanometry | |
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| Otoacoustic Emissions | |
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| Spontaneous and Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions | |
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| Cochlear Implants | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Clinical Application: Perceptual Problems in Hearing Impairment, Language and Reading Disability, and Articulation Deficits | |
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| Hearing Loss | |
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| Vowel Perception | |
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| Consonant Perception | |
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| Cochlear Implants | |
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| Training for Cochlear Implant Users | |
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| Otitis Media | |
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| Language and Reading Disability | |
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| Articulatory Problems | |
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| Clinical Study | |
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| Background | |
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| Acoustic Measures | |
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| Clinical Questions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| The Nervous System | |
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| Brain Tissue | |
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| Glial Cells | |
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| Neurons | |
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| Types of Neurons | |
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| Sensory Receptors | |
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| Neuronal Function | |
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| Conduction Velocity | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Nervous System | |
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| Central Nervous System | |
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| Meninges | |
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| Ventricles | |
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| Overview of Functional Brain Anatomy | |
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| Cortex | |
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| Lobes of the Brain | |
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| Cortical Connections | |
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| Subcortical Areas of the Brain | |
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| Basal Nuclei | |
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| Thalamus | |
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| Hypothalamus | |
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| Brainstem | |
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| Midbrain | |
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| Pons | |
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| Medulla | |
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| Cerebellum | |
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| Spinal Cord | |
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| Cranial Nerves | |
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| CN V: Trigeminal | |
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| CN VII: Facial | |
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| CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear | |
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| CN IX: Glossopharyngeal | |
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| CN X: Vagus | |
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| CN XII: Hypoglossal | |
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| Blood Supply to the Brain | |
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| Motor Control Systems Involved in Speech Production | |
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| Motor Cortex | |
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| Upper and Lower Motor Neurons | |
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| Direct and Indirect Systems | |
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| Motor Units | |
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| Principles of Motor Control | |
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| Feedback and Feedforward | |
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| Efference Copy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Clinical Application: Brain Function Measures | |
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| Techniques for Imaging Brain Structure | |
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| Computerized Tomography | |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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| Techniques for Imaging Brain Function | |
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| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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| Positron Emission Tomography | |
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| Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography | |
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| Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials | |
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| Use of Brain-Imaging Techniques in Communication Disorders | |
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| Stuttering | |
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| Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Multiple Sclerosis | |
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| Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Clinical Study | |
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| Background | |
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| Clinical Observations | |
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| Findings | |
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| Clinical Questions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception | |
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| Theories | |
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| Models | |
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| Speech Production | |
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| The Serial-Order Issue | |
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| Degrees of Freedom | |
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| Context-Sensitivity Problem | |
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| Theories of Speech Production | |
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| Target Models | |
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| Feedback and Feedforward Models | |
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| Dynamic Systems Models | |
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| Connectionist Models | |
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| Speech Perception | |
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| Linearity and Segmentation | |
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| Speaker Normalization | |
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| Basic Unit of Perception | |
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| Specialization of Speech Perception | |
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| Categories of Speech Perception Theories | |
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| Active versus Passive | |
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| Bottom-Up versus Top-Down | |
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| Autonomous versus Interactive | |
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| Theories of Speech Perception | |
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| Motor Theory | |
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| Acoustic Invariance Theory | |
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| Direct Realism | |
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| TRACE Model | |
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| Logogen Theory | |
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| Cohort Theory | |
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| Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception | |
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| Native Language Magnet Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Exercises | |
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| IPA Symbols for Consonants and Vowels | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |