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Preface | |
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Prologue | |
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What Are You Getting Into? | |
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Integrating Evaluation and Practice | |
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Introduction to Single-System Designs | |
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What Are Single-System Designs? | |
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Single-System Designs and Classical Resarch: The Knowledge-Building Context | |
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Single-System Evaluation, Qualitative Research, and Quantitative Research | |
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Advantages of Using Single-System Designs in Practice | |
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A Walk through the Evaluation Process | |
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Summary | |
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Conceptualizing and Measuring Trrgets and Objectives/Goals | |
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Basic Principles of Conceptualization and Measurement | |
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Introduction | |
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What Is Conceptualization? | |
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What Is Measurement? | |
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Definition as a First Step in Measurement | |
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Can Everything Be Measured? | |
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Key Characteristics of All Measures | |
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Summary | |
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Specifying Problems and Goals | |
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Introduction: From General Problems to Specific Targets of Intervention | |
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Specifying Client Concerns: Identifying and Clarifying Problems and Potentials | |
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Specifying Goals and Objectives | |
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Using Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) to Establish Goals | |
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Setting Goals in Groups | |
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Problems and Issues in Setting Goals | |
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Summary | |
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Developing a Measurement and Recording Plan | |
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Introduction | |
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Steps in Developing a Recording Plan | |
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Charting: Putting Your Information on Graphs | |
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Problem-Oriented Records (POR) | |
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Use of Computers in Evaluation and Practice | |
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Summary | |
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Computer Assisted Social Services (Cass): A User's Guide | |
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Installing Cass | |
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Behavioral Observation | |
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Introduction | |
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General Guidelines for Behavioral Observation | |
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Sampling Behaviors | |
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Instruments for Recording Behaviors | |
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Ensuring Accurate Observations | |
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Methods of Recording Behavior | |
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Analog Situations | |
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Recording Behavior in Groups | |
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Summary | |
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Individualized Rating Scales | |
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Introduction | |
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Uses of Individualized Rating Scales | |
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Constructing and Using Individualized Rating Scales | |
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Summary | |
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Standardized Scales | |
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Introduction | |
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What Are Standardized Scales? | |
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Selecting a Standardized Scale | |
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Administering a Standardized Scale | |
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Some Available Standardized Self-Report Scales | |
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Some Available Standardized Scales for Practitioners | |
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Some Available Standardized Scales for Relevant Others | |
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Some Available Standardized Scales for Independent Observers | |
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Do-It-Yourself Scales | |
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Using Standardized Scales in Groups | |
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Computer Management of Standardized Scales | |
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Summary | |
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Appendix | |
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Computer Assisted Assessment Package (CAAP): A User's Guide | |
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Logs | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Client Logs | |
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Putting Qualitative and Quantitative Information Together | |
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Introducing Clients to Logs | |
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Practitioner Logs | |
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Maximizing and Verifying the Reliability and Validity of Logs | |
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Summary | |
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Reactivity and Nonreactive Measures | |
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Introduction | |
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Reactivity of Measures | |
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Unobtrusive (Nonreactive) Measures | |
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Summary | |
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Selecting a Measure | |
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Introduction | |
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Considerations in Deciding on a Measure | |
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Use of Multiple Measures | |
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Selecting a Measure | |
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Summary | |
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Evaluation Designs | |
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Basic Principles of Single-System Designs | |
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Introduction | |
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An Example Connecting Practice and Evaluation Designs | |
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Purposes of Single-System Designs | |
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Unique Characteristics of Single-System Designs | |
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Causality in Single-System Designs | |
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External Validity and Generalizability | |
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Overview of Single-System Designs | |
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Summary | |
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Baselining | |
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Introduction | |
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Purposes of the Baseline | |
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Types of Baselines | |
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How Long Should Baselining Continue? | |
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When Are Baselines Not Necessary? | |
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Issues Regarding Baselining | |
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Summary | |
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From the Case Study to the Basic Single-System Design: A-B | |
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Introduction | |
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Case Studies or Predesigns | |
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Design A-B: The Basic Single-System Design | |
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Summary | |
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The Experimental Single-System Desings: A-B-A, A-B-A-B, B-A-B | |
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Introduction | |
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Basic Experimental Designs | |
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Summary | |
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Multiple Designs for Single Systems | |
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Introduction | |
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Multiple-Baseline Designs: Across Problems, Clients, or Settings | |
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Multiple-Target Designs | |
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Variations on Multiple Designs | |
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Summary | |
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Changing Intensity Designs and Successive Intervention Designs | |
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Introduction | |
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Changing Intensity Designs: A-B[superscript 1]-B[superscript 2]-B[superscript 3] | |
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Successive Intervention Designs: A-B-C, A-B-A-C, A-B-A-C-A | |
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Summary | |
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Designs for Comparing Interventions | |
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Introduction | |
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Alternating Intervention Design: A-B/C-(B or C) | |
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Interaction Design: A-B-A-B-BC-B-BC | |
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Summary | |
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Selecting a Design | |
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Introduction | |
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Framework for Selecting a Design | |
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Needed: A Design for All Seasons | |
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Creativity in Single-System Designs: Making Your Own Designs | |
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Evaluation in Minimal-Contact Situations | |
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Single-System Designs in Managed Care: The Stretch Design | |
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Trouble-Shooting: "Okay, I Understand Everything That You Said, but My Case Is Different." | |
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Summary | |
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Analyzing Your Results | |
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Basic Principles of Analysis | |
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Introduction | |
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Distinguishing Effort, Effectiveness, and Efficiency | |
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Significance-Practical, Statical, and Theoretical | |
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Evaluating Goal Achievement | |
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Issues in Analysis of Data | |
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Computer Analysis of Data for Single-System Designs | |
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The Issue of Autocorrelation | |
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Tools in Analysis of Data | |
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Summary | |
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Visual Analysis of Single-System Design Data | |
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Introduction | |
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Definition of Terms | |
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Basic Patterns and Implications | |
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Visual Inspection of Raw Data | |
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Interpreting Ambiguous Patterns | |
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Problems of Visual Inspection | |
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Creating a Chart with SINGWIN | |
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Summary | |
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Descriptive Statistics | |
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Introduction | |
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Measures of Central Tendency | |
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Measures of Variation | |
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Using Measures of Central Tendency and Variability to Graph Group Data | |
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Computing and Graphing Measures of Central Tendency and Variation with SINGWIN | |
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Measures of Trend | |
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Measures of Effect Size | |
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Optimal Uses and Cautions for Specific Descriptive Statistics | |
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Summary | |
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Tests of Statistical Significance for Single-System Designs | |
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Introduction | |
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Proportion/Frequency Approach | |
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Three-Standard-Deviation-Band Approach (X-Moving-Range-Chart) | |
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Chi-Square | |
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Conservative Dual-Criteria (CDC) Approach | |
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t-Test | |
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General Considerations in Using Tests of Statistical Significance | |
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Optimal Uses and Cautions for Specific Analytic Procedures | |
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Summary | |
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Computer Analysis of Single-System Design Data | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Starting SINGWIN | |
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Exiting SINGWIN | |
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Getting the Big Picture | |
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Using Specific Procedures | |
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Installing SINGWIN | |
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Summary | |
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Selecting a Procedure for Analyzing Data | |
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Introduction | |
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Framework for Selecting a Procedure for Analyzing Data | |
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Other Statistical Considerations | |
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Nonstatistical Considerations | |
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Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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The Challenge of Single-System Designs | |
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Not for Practitioners Alone | |
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Introduction | |
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Special Applications of Single-System Designs | |
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Recent Criticisms of Single-System Evaluation | |
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For the Client | |
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For the Administrator | |
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For Educators and Students | |