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| Preface | |
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| Through the Lens of Science | |
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| The Social Sciences | |
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| The Social World Seen through the Lens of Science | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| Concepts | |
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| Theories | |
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| Research | |
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| Steps of the Scientific Method | |
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| The Scientific Spirit: Skepticism, Objectivity, Relativity | |
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| The Social Science Disciplines | |
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| Anthropology | |
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| Economics | |
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| Fur or Nakedness, Tools or Diet? | |
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| Geography | |
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| History | |
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| Political Science | |
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| Psychology | |
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| Psychology: How Much of a Science? | |
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| Sociology | |
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| Research Methods in the Social Sciences | |
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| Sample Survey | |
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| Consilience | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Collecting Data with a Human Face | |
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| Participant Observation | |
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| The Experiment | |
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| Statistical Analysis | |
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| The Scientific Method in the Social Sciences | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| In the Beginning | |
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| An Astrophysicist Views the Cosmos | |
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| The Beginnings of Life | |
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| Creating Life | |
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| The Emergence of the Theory of Evolution | |
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| A Revolution in Thought: Darwin and His Theory | |
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| Natural Selection | |
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| The Role of Heredity | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Population Genetics: Factors for Change | |
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| Human Evolution Designed by Humans | |
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| The Long Trek: Human Evolution | |
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| Evolution: Theory or Fact? | |
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| Split between Chimpanzee and Human Lines | |
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| From Fossil to Fossil | |
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| The Road to Homo Sapiens | |
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| Homo Sapiens: Modern Humans | |
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| Agriculture: Cultivation and Domestication | |
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| The Evolution of Human Nature | |
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| Biological Foundations | |
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| Using Biology to Interpret History | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Culture: Product and Guide to Life in Society | |
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| Culture: Concept and Importance | |
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| Biological Predispositions to Culture | |
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| The Birth of Culture | |
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| Cultural Evolution and Sociobiology | |
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| What, Then, Is Culture? | |
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| The Symbolic Nature of Culture | |
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| The Necessity of Sharing Symbols | |
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| Language: The Most Important System of Symbols | |
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| Does Language Create Reality? | |
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| The Content of Culture | |
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| Material Culture | |
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| Nonmaterial Culture | |
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| The Components of Nonmaterial Culture: Cognitive and Normative | |
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| The Normative System | |
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| Contradictory American Values | |
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| Categories of Norms: Folkways, Mores, Taboos, and Laws | |
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| From Folkways to Laws | |
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| The Need for Social Control | |
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| Overt and Covert, Real and Ideal Norms | |
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| Traits, Complexes, and Institutions | |
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| Pivotal Institutions | |
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| Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity | |
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| Cultural Differences and Universals | |
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| African Genital Rite | |
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| Subcultures and Countercultures | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Group Interaction: From Two to Millions | |
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| How Is the Social System Organized and Structured? | |
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| Elements of Social Structure: Statuses and Roles | |
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| Statuses: Ascribed and Achieved | |
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| The Multiplicity of Statuses and Roles | |
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| Real and Ideal Roles | |
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| Conflict, Strain, and Confusion in Roles | |
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| Groups | |
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| Group Size | |
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| Primary and Secondary Groups | |
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| Being Tall in the Land of the Small | |
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| Additional Classification of Groups | |
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| Society | |
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| A Glimpse into the Human Past | |
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| Classification of Societies | |
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| Classification According to Chief Mode of Subsistence | |
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| Industrial Societies | |
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| Classification According to Social Organization | |
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| Interaction and Social Processes | |
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| If Baboons Can Do It, Why Can't We? | |
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| Formal Organizations | |
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| Formal Organizations and Institutions Distinguished | |
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| Characteristics of Formal Organizations | |
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| Types of Formal Organizations | |
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| Bureaucracy | |
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| Dynamic Quality | |
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| Informal Side of Bureaucracy | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Becoming a Person: The Birth of Personality | |
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| The Isolated and/or Feral Child | |
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| Personality | |
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| Personality: A Social Product on a Biological Basis | |
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| Heredity and Environment | |
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| Becoming Human: Socialization | |
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| Goals and Functions of Socialization | |
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| Theories of Socialization | |
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| The Looking-Glass Self: Cooley | |
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| The Self in Society: Mead | |
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| You Are Who They Say You Are | |
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| The Self and the Unconscious: Freud | |
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| The Transitional Self: Erikson | |
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| Developmental Theories: Piaget | |
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| Moral Development: Kohlberg | |
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| Agents of Socialization | |
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| The Family | |
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| The School | |
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| The Maternal Bond: Its Impact on Personality | |
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| The Peer Group | |
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| The Media | |
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| Occupational Groups | |
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| Reverse Socialization | |
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| Resocialization | |
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| Socialization through the Life Cycle | |
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| Childhood | |
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| Adolescence | |
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| Adulthood | |
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| Old Age | |
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| Some Conclusions | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Deviance and Criminality: The Need for Social Control | |
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| Deviance | |
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| The Relative Nature of Deviance | |
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| Functions of Deviance | |
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| Explaining Deviance | |
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| Biological Explanations | |
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| Psychological Explanations | |
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| Why Are Humans Killers? | |
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| Mental Disorders | |
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| Treatment of Mental Disorders | |
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| Deviance as Seen from a Sociological Perspective | |
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| Social Integration and Anomie | |
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| Merton's Classification of Deviant Behavior | |
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| Cultural Transmission (Differential Association) | |
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| Labeling Theory | |
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| Crime: Deviance That Hurts | |
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| Classification of Crimes | |
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| What Contributes to Crime? How Can We Prevent It? | |
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| Social Order Crimes or Crimes against Morality | |
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| Crime Statistics: How Much Crime, and Who Commits It? | |
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| The Criminal Justice System | |
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| Imprisonment | |
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| Recidivism | |
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| What Price Punishment? | |
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| The Death Penalty | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| The Great Divide: Ranking and Stratification | |
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| Social Differentiation, Ranking, and Stratification | |
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| Stratification | |
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| American Royalty | |
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| Theoretical Views on Stratification | |
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| Structural-Functionalist Perspective | |
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| Conflict Perspective | |
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| Dimensions of Stratification: Class, Status, and Power | |
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| Class | |
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| Status | |
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| Class, Status, and Power in America | |
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| Power | |
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| Systems of Stratification | |
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| The Closed Society: Caste | |
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| The Estate System | |
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| The Open Society: Class System | |
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| Determining Social Class | |
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| Socioeconomic Status | |
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| Social Classes in the United States | |
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| The Upper Classes | |
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| The Middle Class | |
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| The Working Class | |
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| The Poor | |
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| The Ghetto Poor | |
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| The Homeless | |
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| The Growth of Inequality | |
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| Social Class and Its Consequences | |
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| Welfare: Are We Our Brothers' Keepers? | |
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| Family Life | |
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| Child Rearing | |
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| Education | |
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| Religion | |
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| Politics | |
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| Health | |
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| Arrest and Conviction | |
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| Values | |
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| Social Mobility | |
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| The Upwardly Mobile: Who Are They? | |
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| Social Mobility in the United States | |
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| Global Inequality | |
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| World Hunger | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Minority Status: Race and Ethnicity | |
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| Majority-Minorities Relations: Defining the Terms | |
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| Common Characteristics of Minorities | |
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| The Making of a Pluralist Society | |
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| Ideologies Regarding the Treatment of Minorities | |
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| Majority and Minorities: Processes of Coexistence | |
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| In the Way: Obstacles to Pluralism | |
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| Prejudice | |
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| Hate: Prejudice and Discrimination among Castes in India | |
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| Why Are We Prejudiced? | |
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| Discrimination | |
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| Racism | |
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| An Ongoing Controversy: Affirmative Action | |
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| Racial Minorities | |
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| Native Americans | |
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| Asian Americans | |
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| African Americans | |
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| Hispanic Americans | |
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| Ethnic and Religious Minorities | |
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| White Ethnics: Catholics | |
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| Jewish Americans | |
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| The New Face of America | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Minority Status: Age, Gender, and Sexuality | |
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| The Aging Society | |
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| Theoretical Framework | |
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| Ageism | |
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| The Silver Century | |
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| Women: Differentiation According to Gender | |
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| Biological Facts | |
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| Cultural Differences | |
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| Sex and Gender Differentiated | |
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| The Cultural Construction of Gender | |
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| Traditional Gender Roles | |
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| Gender Scripts | |
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| Women and Science | |
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| Male Dominance | |
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| Theories of Gender Role Development | |
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| Theories of Socialization | |
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| Agents of Gender Socialization | |
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| How Can We Change? | |
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| Adam's Curse | |
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| Sexuality | |
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| Homosexual Behavior | |
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| Explanatory Theories of Homosexuality | |
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| Acquiring a Homosexual Identity | |
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| Bisexuality | |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| From the Plow to the Computer: Change, Collective Behavior, and Social Movements | |
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| Society and Change | |
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| The United States: A Century of Change | |
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| Levels of Change | |
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| Processes of Social and Cultural Change | |
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| Social Change: Planning, Reform, Revolution | |
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| Cultural Change: Innovation and Diffusion | |
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| The Sources of Change | |
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| Technology | |
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| Results of the First Technological Revolution | |
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| The Industrial Revolution | |
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| Inventions and Discoveries of the Industrial Revolution | |
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| Industrialism | |
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| Technology and Social Change | |
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| Modernization | |
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| Learning to Be Modern | |
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| One Cost of Modernization: Car Wrecks | |
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| Collective Behavior | |
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| Crowds | |
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| Masses | |
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| The Theory of Mass Society | |
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| Publics and Public Opinion | |
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| Public Opinion | |
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| Public Opinion and the Mass Media | |
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| Propaganda and Censorship | |
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| Social Movements | |
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| Types of Social Movements | |
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| Reformist Movements | |
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| Revolutionary Movements | |
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| Factors Encouraging Revolutionary Movements | |
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| Terrorism | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Population, Urbanization, and Environment | |
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| Demographic Processes: Dynamics of Population Change | |
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| Birthrates | |
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| Death Rates | |
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| Migration | |
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| Immigration | |
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| Internal Migration | |
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| Characteristics and Composition of a Population | |
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| Sex Ratio | |
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| Age Structure | |
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| Population around the World | |
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| Malthus and Marx | |
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| Demographic Transition | |
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| Zero Population Growth | |
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| Population Policies | |
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| The Urban Society | |
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| Urbanization | |
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| The Industrial Revolution and the Growth of Cities | |
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| Urbanism | |
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| American Cities | |
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| Urban Theories | |
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| Suburbia | |
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| The Impact of the Consumer Culture on the Growth of Suburbia | |
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| Suburbia and Social Class | |
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| Metropolitanization and Megalopolis | |
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| Megalopolis | |
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| The Urban Crisis | |
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| Slums and Ghettos | |
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| Population Drain | |
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| Attempts to Reclaim the City | |
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| Urban Renewal | |
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| The Future of Cities | |
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| The Natural Environment | |
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| The World We Live In | |
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| The Ecosystem | |
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| Ecology | |
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| Disruption of Ecosystems | |
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| Environmental Pollution | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Pivotal Institutions: Marriage and the Family | |
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| The Basic Institution: The Family | |
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| Family Forms | |
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| Kinship Systems | |
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| Family Functions | |
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| Marriage | |
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| Limitations on Marriage | |
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| Love and Marriage in America | |
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| The Stages of Marriage | |
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| Arranged Marriages | |
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| The Scientific Study of Marriage? | |
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| The Role of Power in Marriage | |
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| Changing Marital Patterns | |
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| Divorce | |
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| Remarriage | |
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| Divorce as the New Norm | |
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| Consequences of Divorce: Wounds That Do Not Heal | |
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| The New American Family | |
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| Forms of the New American Family | |
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| Some Unintended Effects of the Changing American Family | |
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| Child Care | |
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| Family Violence | |
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| Teenage Pregnancy | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Pivotal Institutions: Religion and Education | |
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| The Great Religions of the World | |
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| Religion in the Social Sciences | |
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| Religion as Social Integration | |
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| A Functionalist View of Religion | |
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| A Conflict View of Religion | |
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| Religion and Social Control | |
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| The Institutional Context | |
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| Common Features of Religions | |
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| Religion in America | |
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| Religiosity in America | |
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| Religious Affiliation and Social Correlates | |
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| Religion, Race, and Ethnicity | |
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| The Sanctification of the American Way of Life | |
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| Science and Religion | |
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| Contemporary Trends | |
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| Fundamentalism | |
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| The Electronic Church | |
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| The Role of Women in Religion | |
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| Education | |
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| Education in America | |
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| The Functionalist View of Education | |
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| The Conflict View of Education | |
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| Characteristics of American Education | |
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| Upward Mobility as a Cure-All for Social Problems | |
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| Education, Class, and Race | |
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| Attempts at Making Education Work | |
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| Closing the Performance Gap | |
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| The Role of the Family | |
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| Separate and Unequal Again? | |
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| Higher Education | |
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| Some Contemporary Issues in Higher Education | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| Government: The Institution and the Theories and Ideologies That Underlie It | |
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| The Institution of Government | |
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| Government and Politics | |
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| The Purpose of Government | |
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| The Functions of Government | |
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| Political Power: Legitimacy and Authority | |
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| Legitimacy | |
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| Authority | |
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| Types of Legitimate Authority | |
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| The State | |
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| Theoretical Views of the State | |
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| The Nation-State | |
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| Nationalism | |
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| The Ideologies behind the Nation-State | |
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| The Role of Ideology | |
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| Political Ideology | |
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| Autocratic Ideologies | |
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| Authoritarianism | |
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| Totalitarianism | |
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| Totalitarianism of the Right: Fascism and Nazism | |
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| Totalitarianism of the Left: Communism | |
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| Communism and the USSR | |
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| Historical Prediction: The Dialectic | |
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| Communism in China | |
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| Democratic Ideologies: Democracy | |
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| Democratic Capitalism | |
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| |
| Socialism | |
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| |
| Democratic Socialism | |
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| |
| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| |
| Terms to Remember | |
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| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| |
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| The Government of the United States of America | |
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| |
| The Constitutional Convention | |
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| |
| What Is a Constitution? | |
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| The Constitutional Convention | |
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| The Constitution of the United States | |
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| Federalism | |
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| Constitutional Limits and Obligations | |
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| How Federalism Has Worked | |
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| Trend toward Centralization | |
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| The Impact of the Federal Government | |
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| Separation of Powers | |
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| How Checks and Balances Work | |
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| Criticism of the Separation of Powers | |
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| The Presidency: The Executive Branch | |
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| The Nature of the Presidency | |
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| The Roles of the President | |
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| Congress: The Legislative Branch | |
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| The Issue of Representation | |
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| Congressional Committees | |
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| The Subordinate Role of Congress | |
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| The Supreme Court: The Judicial Branch | |
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| Membership of the 108th Congress: A Profile | |
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| The Court System | |
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| Functions of the Judicial System | |
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| A President Elected by a Supreme Court Decision | |
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| The Importance of Limited Government | |
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| The Chapter in Brief | |
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| |
| Terms to Remember | |
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| |
| Suggested Readings | |
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| |
| Web Sites of Interest | |
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| |
| |
| We the People: Democracy in Action | |
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| American Democracy | |
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| How Is America Governed? | |
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| Elitism | |
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| Pluralism | |
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| Conflict and Consensus | |
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| A Realistic Democracy | |
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| |
| Interest Groups | |
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| |
| Functions of Interest Groups | |
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| |
| Formation and Growth of Interest Groups | |
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| Lobbyists | |
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| Political Action Committees | |
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| Shortcomings of Interest Groups | |
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| Political Parties | |
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| |
| Purpose of Political Parties | |
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| |
| Functions of Political Parties | |
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| |
| Features of the American Party System | |
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| Dealignment or Realignment? | |
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| |
| The Party System in Decline | |
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| |
| America: Red and Blue? | |
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| |
| The High Cost of Campaigning | |
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| |
| Voting | |
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| |
| Factors in Voter Turnout | |
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| |
| |
| Peculiarities of American Voting: The Electoral College | |
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| |
| The Nonvoters | |
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| |
| |
| Why Americans Are Uninterested in the Political Process | |
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| |
| Political Opinion Making | |
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| |
| Public and Political Opinion | |
| |
| |
| The Mass Media | |
| |
| |
| Sound Bites | |
| |
| |
| The Chapter in Brief | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Remember | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| Web Sites of Interest | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Economy: Concepts and History | |
| |
| |
| The Economic Institution | |
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| |
| Economic Decision Making | |
| |
| |
| Basic Elements of the Economy | |
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| |
| Factors of Production | |
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| |
| Economic Choices and Opportunity Costs | |
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| |
| Limits to Output: The Production Possibilities Frontier | |
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| |
| Specialization of Labor | |
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| |
| Trade, Barter, and Money | |
| |
| |
| Contemporary Economic Systems: How Choices Are Made | |
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| |
| Western Economies in Historical Perspective | |
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| |
| The Birth of Capitalism | |
| |
| |
| Aspects of Industrial Capitalism | |
| |
| |
| The Corporate Form of Industrial Organization | |
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| |
| From Competition to Advertising | |
| |
| |
| Diversification and Multinationalism | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Work in the Industrial Society | |
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| |
| Shifting Sectors | |
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| |
| |
| Machines: The Next Laborers | |
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| |
| Professionalization | |
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| |
| The Corporate Bureaucracy | |
| |
| |
| The Executive | |
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| |
| Middle Management: White-Collar Workers | |
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| |
| Industrial Workers | |
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| |
| |
| Methods of Production: Craft, Mass, and Lean | |
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| |
| The Factory System | |
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| |
| The American Labor Movement | |
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| |
| Collective Bargaining | |
| |
| |
| The Labor Movement Today | |
| |
| |
| Decline of Unionism | |
| |
| |
| American Labor and the Global Economy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Globalism and Its Foes | |
| |
| |
| The Chapter in Brief | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Remember | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| Web Sites of Interest | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles of Economic Behavior: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics | |
| |
| |
| The Small Picture and the Large Picture | |
| |
| |
| Market Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| Who Makes Decisions? | |
| |
| |
| Who Participates in the Economy? | |
| |
| |
| Markets | |
| |
| |
| The Circular Flow | |
| |
| |
| Market Forces | |
| |
| |
| Demand, Supply, and Price | |
| |
| |
| Equilibrium and Price Elasticity | |
| |
| |
| A Macroview | |
| |
| |
| The Public Interest: Socioeconomic Goals | |
| |
| |
| Full Employment | |
| |
| |
| Desirable Mix of Output | |
| |
| |
| High and Equitably Distributed Incomes | |
| |
| |
| Reasonable Price Stability | |
| |
| |
| Adequate Growth | |
| |
| |
| Instruments of Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Fiscal Policy | |
| |
| |
| The Function of Price and Employment Stabilizers | |
| |
| |
| The Federal Budget | |
| |
| |
| Fiscal Decision Making | |
| |
| |
| Monetary Policy | |
| |
| |
| Banks | |
| |
| |
| Interest Rates | |
| |
| |
| Regulating Banks | |
| |
| |
| The Federal Reserve | |
| |
| |
| Incomes Policy | |
| |
| |
| Economic Problems and Government Response | |
| |
| |
| Depression or Severe Recession | |
| |
| |
| Excessive Demand and Inflation | |
| |
| |
| Inflation and Unemployment | |
| |
| |
| Business Cycles | |
| |
| |
| Demand-Side Theories | |
| |
| |
| Supply-Side Theories | |
| |
| |
| Eclectic Theories | |
| |
| |
| Theory and Reality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Old and New Economies | |
| |
| |
| Fitting into the Global Economy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computers and Humans: The New Division of Labor | |
| |
| |
| The Chapter in Brief | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Remember | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| Web Sites of Interest | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nation among Nations: Perspectives on International Relations | |
| |
| |
| Regions of the World | |
| |
| |
| Europe | |
| |
| |
| The Former Soviet Union | |
| |
| |
| The Middle East | |
| |
| |
| Asia | |
| |
| |
| Pacific Rim | |
| |
| |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | |
| |
| |
| Latin America | |
| |
| |
| Anglo America | |
| |
| |
| Other Ways of Classifying States | |
| |
| |
| Rich Nations, Poor Nations | |
| |
| |
| Interaction among Nations | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Realism | |
| |
| |
| Contemporary Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Pluralism | |
| |
| |
| Globalism | |
| |
| |
| Neorealism | |
| |
| |
| Participants in the International System | |
| |
| |
| Actors in International Relations | |
| |
| |
| The State and the Nation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Emergence of the State | |
| |
| |
| Nonstate Actors | |
| |
| |
| The Goals of States | |
| |
| |
| The Competition of Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Means of Achieving Goals: Foreign Policy | |
| |
| |
| Types of Foreign-Policy Decisions | |
| |
| |
| Goals of American Foreign Policy | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Ideology | |
| |
| |
| Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions? | |
| |
| |
| Instruments of Foreign Policy | |
| |
| |
| The United Nations | |
| |
| |
| Foreign Aid | |
| |
| |
| Collective Security | |
| |
| |
| The Military | |
| |
| |
| Propaganda | |
| |
| |
| Diplomacy and Diplomats | |
| |
| |
| Treaties and Alliances | |
| |
| |
| Morality in Foreign Policy | |
| |
| |
| Power | |
| |
| |
| The Balance-of-Power System | |
| |
| |
| The Multipolar System | |
| |
| |
| The World Wars | |
| |
| |
| The Bipolar System | |
| |
| |
| A New Multipolar World | |
| |
| |
| The Chapter in Brief | |
| |
| |
| Terms to Remember | |
| |
| |
| Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| Web Sites of Interest | |
| |
| |
| The Constitution of the United States of America | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Photo Credits | |
| |
| |
| Index | |