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| Preface | |
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| Speaking with Confidence | |
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| Why Study Public Speaking? | |
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| Empowerment | |
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| Employment | |
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| Public Speaking and Conversation | |
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| Public Speaking Is Planned | |
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| Public Speaking Is Formal | |
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| The Roles of Public Speakers and Audiences Are Clearly Defined | |
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| The Communication Process | |
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| Communication as Action | |
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| Communication as Interaction | |
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| Communication as Transaction | |
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| The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking | |
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| Great Speakers: Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) | |
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| Public Speaking and Diversity | |
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| Improving Your Confidence as a Speaker | |
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| Understand Your Nervousness | |
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| Build Your Confidence | |
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| Summary | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Managing Your Nervousness | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| The Audience-Centered Speechmaking Process | |
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| An Audience-Centered Speechmaking Model | |
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| Consider Your Audience | |
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| Select and Narrow Your Topic | |
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| Who Is the Audience? | |
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| Great Speakers: Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) | |
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| What Is the Occasion? | |
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| What Are My Interests, Talents, and Experiences? | |
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| Determine Your Purpose | |
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| Develop Your Central Idea | |
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| Generate the Main Ideas | |
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| Does the Central Idea Have Logical Divisions? | |
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| Can You Think of Several Reasons the Central Idea Is True? | |
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| Can You Support the Central Idea with a Series of Steps? | |
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| Gather Verbal and Visual Supporting Material | |
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| Organize Your Speech | |
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| Sample Outline | |
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| Rehearse Your Speech | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: The Power of the Internet | |
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| Deliver Your Speech | |
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| Sample Speech: Our Immigration Story by Pao Yang Lee | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Ethics and Free Speech | |
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| Speaking Freely | |
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| Speaking Ethically | |
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| Have a Clear, Responsible Goal | |
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| Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning | |
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| Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences | |
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| Be Honest | |
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| Great Speakers: Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) | |
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| Avoid Plagiarism | |
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| Sample Oral Citation | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Tips for Ethics and Free Speech | |
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| Listening Ethically | |
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| Communicate Your Expectations and Feedback | |
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| Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences | |
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| Listen Critically | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Listening to Speeches | |
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| Barriers to Effective Listening | |
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| Information Overload | |
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| Personal Concerns | |
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| Outside Distractions | |
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| Prejudice | |
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| Differences between Speech Rate and Thought Rate | |
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| Receiver Apprehension | |
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| Becoming a Better Listener | |
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| Adapt to the Speaker's Delivery | |
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| Listen with Your Eyes as Well as Your Ears | |
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| Monitor Your Emotional Reaction to a Message | |
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| Avoid Jumping to Conclusions | |
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| Be a Selfish Listener | |
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| Listen for Major Ideas | |
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| Identify Your Listening Goal | |
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| Practice Listening | |
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| Understand Your Listening Style | |
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| Become an Active Listener | |
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| Great Speakers: Cesar Chavez (1927-1993) | |
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| Improving Your Note-Taking Skills | |
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| Listening and Critical Thinking | |
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| Separate Facts from Inferences | |
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| Evaluate the Quality of Evidence | |
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| Evaluate the Underlying Logic and Reasoning | |
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| Analyzing and Evaluating Speeches | |
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| Understanding Criteria for Evaluating Speeches | |
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| Identifying and Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Developing Your Rhetorical Listening Skills | |
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| Giving Feedback to Others | |
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| Giving Feedback to Yourself | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Analyzing Your Audience | |
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| Becoming an Audience-Centered Speaker | |
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| Gather Information about Your Audience | |
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| Analyze Information about Your Audience | |
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| Great Speakers: Winston Churchill (1874-1965) | |
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| Adapt to Your Audience | |
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| Analyzing Your Audience before You Speak | |
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| Demographic Audience Analysis | |
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| Psychological Audience Analysis | |
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| Situational Audience Analysis | |
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| Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Consider Your Audience | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Gathering Information about Your Audience | |
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| Adapting to Your Audience as You Speak | |
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| Identifying Nonverbal Audience Cues | |
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| Responding to Nonverbal Cues | |
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| Strategies for Customizing Your Message to Your Audience | |
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| Analyzing Your Audience after You Speak | |
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| Nonverbal Responses | |
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| Verbal Responses | |
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| Survey Responses | |
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| Behavioral Responses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Developing Your Speech | |
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| Select and Narrow Your Topic | |
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| Guidelines for Selecting a Topic | |
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| Strategies for Selecting a Topic | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Using the Web to Prime Your Creative Pump for a Speech Topic | |
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| Narrowing the Topic | |
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| Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Select and Narrow Your Topic | |
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| Determine Your Purpose | |
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| General Purpose | |
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| Specific Purpose | |
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| Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Determine Your Purpose | |
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| Develop Your Central Idea | |
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| A Complete Declarative Sentence | |
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| Direct, Specific Language | |
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| A Single Idea | |
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| An Audience-Centered Idea | |
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| Great Speakers: Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) | |
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| Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Develop Your Central Idea | |
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| Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas | |
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| Generating Your Main Ideas | |
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| Previewing Your Main Ideas | |
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| Meanwhile, Back at the Computer... | |
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| Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Gathering Supporting Material | |
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| Personal Knowledge and Experience | |
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| The Internet | |
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| The World Wide Web | |
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| Directories and Search Engines | |
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| Evaluating Web Resources | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Evaluating Web Sites | |
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| Library Resources | |
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| Books | |
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| Periodicals | |
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| Full-Text Databases | |
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| Newspapers | |
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| Reference Resources | |
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| Government Documents | |
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| Special Services | |
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| Interviews | |
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| Determining the Purpose of the Interview | |
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| Great Speakers: Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) | |
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| Setting Up the Interview | |
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| Planning the Interview | |
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| Conducting the Interview | |
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| Following Up the Interview | |
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| Resources from Special-Interest Groups and Organizations | |
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| Research Strategies | |
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| Develop a Preliminary Bibliography | |
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| Locate Resources | |
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| Evaluate the Usefulness of Resources | |
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| Take Notes | |
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| Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Gather Supporting Material | |
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| Identify Possible Presentation Aids | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Supporting Your Speech | |
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| Illustrations | |
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| Brief Illustrations | |
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| Extended Illustrations | |
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| Hypothetical Illustrations | |
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| Using Illustrations Effectively | |
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| Great Speakers: Garrison Keillor (1942-) | |
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| Descriptions and Explanations | |
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| Describing | |
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| Explaining How | |
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| Explaining Why | |
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| Using Descriptions and Explanations Effectively | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Definitions by Classification | |
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| Operational Definitions | |
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| Using Definitions Effectively | |
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| Analogies | |
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| Literal Analogies | |
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| Figurative Analogies | |
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| Using Analogies Effectively | |
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| Statistics | |
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| Using Statistics as Support | |
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| Using Statistics Effectively | |
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| Opinions | |
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| Expert Testimony | |
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| Lay Testimony | |
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| Literary Quotations | |
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| Using Opinions Effectively | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet to Find Interesting Supporting Material | |
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| Selecting the Best Supporting Material | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Organizing Your Speech | |
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| Organizing Your Main Ideas | |
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| Ordering Ideas Chronologically | |
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| Organizing Ideas Topically | |
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| Arranging Ideas Spatially | |
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| Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect | |
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| Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution | |
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| Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization | |
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| Great Speakers: Desmond Tutu (1931-) | |
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| Subdividing Your Main Ideas | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Internet Resources to Help You Organize Your Speech | |
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| Integrating Your Supporting Material | |
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| Sample Integration of Supporting Material | |
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| Organizing Your Supporting Material | |
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| Primacy or Recency | |
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| Specificity | |
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| Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Organize Your Speech | |
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| Complexity | |
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| From Soft to Hard Evidence | |
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| Developing Signposts | |
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| Transitions | |
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| Previews | |
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| Summaries | |
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| Supplementing Signposts with Presentation Aids | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Introducing and Concluding Your Speech | |
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| Purposes of Introductions | |
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| Get the Audience's Attention | |
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| Introduce the Subject | |
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| Give the Audience a Reason to Listen | |
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| Establish Your Credibility | |
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| Preview Your Main Ideas | |
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| Effective Introductions | |
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| Illustrations or Anecdotes | |
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| Startling Facts or Statistics | |
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| Quotations | |
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| Humor | |
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| Questions | |
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| References to Historic Events | |
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| References to Recent Events | |
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| Personal References | |
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| References to the Occasion | |
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| References to Preceding Speeches | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Using the Web to Find an Attention-Catching Introduction | |
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| Purposes of Conclusions | |
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| Summarize the Speech | |
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| Reemphasize the Central Idea in a Memorable Way | |
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| Motivate the Audience to Respond | |
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| Provide Closure | |
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| Effective Conclusions | |
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| Methods Also Used for Introductions | |
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| References to the Introduction | |
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| Inspirational Appeals or Challenges | |
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| Great Speakers: Patrick Henry (1736-1799) | |
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| Appeals to Action | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Outlining and Editing Your Speech | |
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| Developing Your Preparation Outline | |
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| The Preparation Outline | |
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| Sample Preparation Outline | |
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| Sample Preparation Outline | |
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| Editing Your Speech | |
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| Developing Your Delivery Outline and Speaking Notes | |
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| The Delivery Outline | |
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| Sample Delivery Outline | |
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| Sample Delivery Outline | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Improve Your Outlining Skill | |
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| Speaking Notes | |
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| Great Speakers: Mark Twain (1835-1910) | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style | |
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| Oral versus Written Language Style | |
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| Oral Style Is More Personal Than Written Style | |
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| Oral Style Is Less Formal Than Written Style | |
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| Oral Style Is More Repetitive Than Written Style | |
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| Using Words Effectively | |
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| Use Specific, Concrete Words | |
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| Use Simple Words | |
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| Use Words Correctly | |
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| Adapting Your Language Style to Diverse Listeners | |
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| Use Language That Your Audience Can Understand | |
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| Use Appropriate Language | |
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| Use Unbiased Language | |
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| Crafting Memorable Word Structures | |
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| Creating Figurative Images | |
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| Creating Drama | |
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| Creating Cadence | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Polish Your Spoken Prose | |
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| Analyzing an Example of Memorable Word Structure | |
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| Great Speakers: John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) | |
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| Tips for Using Language Effectively | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Delivering Your Speech | |
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| The Power of Speech Delivery | |
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| Listeners Expect Effective Delivery | |
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| Listeners Make Emotional Connections with You through Delivery | |
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| Listeners Believe What They See | |
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| Methods of Delivery | |
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| Manuscript Speaking | |
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| Memorized Speaking | |
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| Impromptu Speaking | |
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| Extemporaneous Speaking | |
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| Characteristics of Effective Delivery | |
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| Eye Contact | |
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| Gestures | |
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| Movement | |
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| Posture | |
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| Facial Expression | |
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| Vocal Delivery | |
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| Great Speakers: Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.) | |
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| Personal Appearance | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Evaluating Speaker Delivery | |
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| Audience Diversity and Delivery | |
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| Rehearsing Your Speech: Some Final Tips | |
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| Delivering Your Speech | |
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| Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Rehearse Your Speech | |
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| Adapting Your Speech Delivery for Television | |
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| Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Deliver Your Speech | |
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| Responding to Questions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Using Presentation Aids | |
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| The Value of Presentation Aids | |
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| Great Speakers: Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) | |
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| Types of Presentation Aids | |
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| Three-Dimensional Presentation Aids | |
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| Two-Dimensional Presentation Aids | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet as a Source for Visuals for Your Speeches | |
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| Audiovisual Aids | |
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| Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids | |
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| Make Them Easy to See | |
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| Keep Them Simple | |
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| Select the Right Presentation Aids | |
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| Do Not Use Dangerous or Illegal Presentation Aids | |
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| Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids | |
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| Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids | |
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| Make Eye Contact with Your Audience, Not with Your Presentation Aids | |
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| Explain Your Presentation Aids | |
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| Do Not Pass Objects among Members of Your Audience | |
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| Use Animals with Caution | |
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| Use Handouts Effectively | |
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| Time the Use of Visuals to Control Your Audience's Attention | |
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| Use Technology Effectively | |
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| Remember Murphy's Law | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Speaking to Inform | |
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| Goals of Informative Speaking | |
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| Speaking to Enhance Understanding | |
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| Speaking to Maintain Interest | |
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| Speaking to Be Remembered | |
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| Types of Informative Speeches | |
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| Speeches about Objects | |
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| Speeches about Procedures | |
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| Speeches about People | |
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| Speeches about Events | |
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| Speeches about Ideas | |
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| Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding | |
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| Speak with Clarity | |
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| Use Principles and Techniques of Adult Learning | |
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| Clarify Complex Processes | |
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| Use Effective Visual Reinforcement | |
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| Strategies to Maintain Audience Interest | |
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| Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Finding Late-Breaking News and Information for Your Speech | |
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| Tell a Story | |
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| Great Speakers: Beverly Sills (1929-) | |
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| Present Information That Relates to Your Listeners | |
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| Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall | |
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| Build in Redundancy | |
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| Pace Your Information Flow | |
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| Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally | |
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| Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally | |
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| Sample Informative Speech: Choosing a Speech Topic by Roger Fringer | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Understanding Principles of Persuasive Speaking | |
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| Persuasion Defined | |
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| How Persuasion Works | |
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| How to Motivate Listeners | |
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| Use Dissonance | |
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| Use Listener Needs | |
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| Use Positive Motivation | |
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| Use Negative Motivation | |
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| Great Speakers: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) | |
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| How to Develop Your Persuasive Speech | |
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| Consider the Audience | |
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| Select and Narrow Your Persuasive Topic | |
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| Determine Your Persuasive Purpose | |
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| Develop Your Central Idea and Main Ideas | |
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| Putting Persuasive Principles into Practice | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Finding Out about Congressional Legislation for Persuasive Speeches | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Using Persuasive Strategies | |
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| Establishing Credibility | |
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| Enhancing Your Credibility | |
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| Using Logic and Evidence to Persuade | |
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| Understanding Types of Reasoning | |
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| Persuading the Diverse Audience | |
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| Supporting Your Reasoning with Evidence | |
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| Avoiding Faulty Reasoning: Ethical Issues | |
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| Using Emotion to Persuade | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Information Triage: Identifying Reasoning Fallacies | |
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| Great Speakers: Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) | |
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| Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade | |
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| Using Emotional Appeals: Ethical Issues | |
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| Strategies for Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas | |
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| Persuading the Receptive Audience | |
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| Persuading the Neutral Audience | |
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| Persuading the Unreceptive Audience | |
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| Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages | |
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| Problem-Solution | |
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| Refutation | |
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| Cause and Effect | |
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| The Motivated Sequence | |
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| Sample Persuasive Speech: Medical Mayhem by Alyssa Horn | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Special-Occasion Speaking | |
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| Public Speaking in the Workplace | |
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| Reports | |
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| Public-Relations Speeches | |
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| Ceremonial Speaking | |
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| Introductions | |
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| Toasts | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: A Toast to You and Yours: Tips for Making Toasts | |
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| Award Presentations | |
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| Nominations | |
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| Acceptances | |
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| Keynote Addresses | |
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| Commencement Addresses | |
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| Commemorative Addresses and Tributes | |
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| Eulogies | |
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| After-Dinner Speaking: Using Humor Effectively | |
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| Humorous Stories | |
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| Humorous Verbal Strategies | |
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| Humorous Nonverbal Strategies | |
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| Great Speakers: Dave Barry (1947-) | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Speaking in Small Groups | |
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| Solving Problems in Groups and Teams | |
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| Identify and Define the Problem | |
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| Analyze the Problem | |
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| Generate Possible Solutions | |
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| Select the Best Solution | |
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| Test and Implement the Solution | |
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| Participating in Small Groups | |
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| Come Prepared for Group Discussions | |
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| Do Not Suggest Solutions before Analyzing the Problem | |
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| Evaluate Evidence | |
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| Help Summarize the Group's Progress | |
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| Listen and Respond Courteously to Others | |
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| Help Manage Conflict | |
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| Leading Small Groups | |
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| Leadership Responsibilities | |
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| Leadership Styles | |
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| Managing Meetings | |
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| How to Give Meetings Structure | |
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| How to Foster Meeting Interaction | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Using Parliamentary Procedure to Give Structure to Large Groups | |
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| Presenting Group Recommendations | |
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| Great Speakers: Oprah Winfrey (1954-) | |
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| Symposium Presentation | |
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| Forum Pressentation | |
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| Panel Discussion | |
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| Written Report | |
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| Planning a Group Presentation | |
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| Making a Group Presentation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Speaker's Homepage: Learning More about Communication | |
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| The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric | |
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| The Earliest Teachers of Rhetoric | |
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| Beginning of the Greek Tradition: The Sophists | |
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| Plato | |
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| Aristotle | |
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| The Roman Tradition | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Speeches for Analysis and Discussion | |
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| I Have a Dream | |
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| Making Democracy Work: Your Responsibility to Society | |
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