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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to the Psychology of Women: History and Research | |
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| Definitions: Sex and Gender | |
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| Women and Men: Similar or Different? | |
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| Similarities Approach | |
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| Differences Approach | |
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| Feminism | |
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| History of Women in Psychology | |
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| Women and the American Psychological Association | |
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| Women's Contributions | |
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| History of the Psychology of Women | |
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| The Early Years | |
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| The Recent Years | |
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| Studying the Psychology of Women | |
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| Bias in Psychological Research | |
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| Feminist Research Methods | |
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| Drawing Conclusions from Multiple Studies | |
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| Themes in the Text | |
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| Diversity of Women's Experiences | |
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| Gender Differences in Power | |
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| Social Construction of Gender | |
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| Cultural Representation of Gender | |
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| Stereotypes of Females and Males | |
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| The Content of Gender Stereotypes | |
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| The Perceiver's Ethnicity and Gender Stereotypes | |
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| The Target's Characteristics and Gender Stereotypes | |
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| Stereotypes of Girls and Boys | |
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| Bases for Gender Stereotypes | |
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| Stereotypes Based on Identity Labels | |
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| Sexism | |
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| Ambivalent Sexism | |
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| Changes in Sexist Attitudes over Time | |
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| Modern Sexism | |
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| Experiences with Sexism | |
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| Representation of Gender in the Media | |
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| Underrepresentation of Females | |
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| Underrepresentation of Specific Groups of Females | |
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| Portrayal of Gender-Based Social Roles | |
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| Depiction of Female Communion and Male Agency | |
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| Emphasis on Female Attractiveness and Sexuality | |
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| Significance of Gender-Role Media Images | |
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| Representation of Gender in the English Language | |
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| Language Practices Based on the Assumption That Male Is Normative | |
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| Negative Terms for Females | |
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| Significance of the Differential Treatment of Females and Males in Language | |
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| Gender Self-Concept: Developmental Processes and Individual Differences | |
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| Gender Self-Concept | |
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| Prenatal Development | |
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| Stages of Prenatal Sex Differentiation | |
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| Intersexuality | |
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| Theories of Gender Typing | |
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| Psychoanalytic Theory | |
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| Social Learning Theory | |
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| Cognitive Developmental Theory | |
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| Gender Schema Theory | |
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| Gender-Related Traits | |
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| Changes in Gender-Related Traits over Time | |
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| Gender-Related Traits and Psychological Adjustment | |
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| Evaluation of the Concept of Androgyny | |
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| Gender Attitudes | |
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| Individual Differences in Gender-Related Attitudes | |
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| Perceived Value of Female versus Male Gender-Related Attributes | |
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| Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence | |
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| Children's Knowledge and Beliefs about Gender | |
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| Distinguishing between Females and Males | |
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| Gender Identity and Self-Perceptions | |
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| Gender Stereotypes | |
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| Gender-Related Activities and Interests | |
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| Physical Performance and Sports | |
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| Toys and Play | |
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| Gender Segregation | |
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| Influences on Gender Development | |
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| Parents | |
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| Siblings | |
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| School | |
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| Peers | |
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| Media | |
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| Puberty | |
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| Events of Puberty | |
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| Menarche | |
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| Gender Differences in Puberty | |
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| Early and Late Maturation in Girls | |
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| Psychosocial Development in Adolescence | |
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| Identity | |
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| Self-Esteem | |
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| Gender Intensification | |
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| Body Image | |
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| Gender Comparisons: Social Behavior, Personality, Communication, and Cognition | |
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| Gender-Related Social Behaviors and Personality Traits | |
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| Aggression | |
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| Prosocial Behavior | |
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| Influenceability | |
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| Emotionality | |
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| Moral Reasoning | |
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| Communication Style | |
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| Verbal Communication | |
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| Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Gender Comparison of Cognitive Abilities | |
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| Verbal Ability | |
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| Visual-Spatial Ability | |
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| Mathematics Ability | |
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| Sexuality | |
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| Sexuality | |
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| Sexual Anatomy and Sexual Response | |
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| Sexual Attitudes | |
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| Sexual Behaviors | |
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| Sexual Problems | |
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| Lesbians and Bisexual Women | |
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| Bisexual Women | |
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| Attitudes Towards Lesbians | |
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| Explanations of Sexual Orientation | |
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| Sexual Activity During Adolescence | |
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| Frequency of Sexual Activity | |
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| Factors Associated with Sexual Activity | |
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| The Double Standard | |
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| Sexual Desire | |
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| Sexual Activity in Midlife | |
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| Physical Changes | |
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| Patterns of Sexual Activity | |
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| Sexual Activity in Later Life | |
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| Benefits of Sexual Activity in Later Life | |
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| Sexual Behavior of the Elderly | |
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| Factors Affecting Sexual Behavior | |
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| Enhancing Sexuality in Later Life | |
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| Reproductive System and Childbearing | |
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| Menstruation | |
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| The Menstrual Cycle | |
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| Menstrual Pain | |
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| Attitudes toward Menstruation | |
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| Menstrual Joy | |
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| Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | |
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| Contraception | |
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| Contraception in Adolescence | |
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| Methods of Contraception | |
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| Abortion | |
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| Incidence | |
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| Methods | |
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| Consequences of Abortion | |
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| Pregnancy | |
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| Pregnancy | |
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| Miscarriage | |
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| Teenage Pregnancy | |
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| Childbirth | |
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| Stages of Childbirth | |
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| Methods of Childbirth | |
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| Childbearing after 40 | |
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| Childbearing in the Later Years | |
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| Postpartum Distress | |
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| Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology | |
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| Reproductive Functioning in Midlife and Beyond | |
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| Menopause | |
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| Hormone Replacement Therapy | |
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| Relationships | |
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| Friendships | |
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| Friendship in Adolescence | |
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| Friendship in Adulthood | |
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| Friendship in Later Life | |
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| Romantic Relationships | |
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| Importance of Physical Attractiveness | |
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| Perception of Sexual Interest | |
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| Dating | |
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| Gender-Related Behaviors and Roles in Dating Relationships | |
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| Recent Trends in Dating | |
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| Committed Relationships | |
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| Marriage | |
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| Cohabitation | |
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| Lesbian Relationships | |
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| Unattached Lifestyles | |
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| Divorce | |
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| Single Women | |
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| Widowhood | |
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| Loss of a Same-Sex Partner | |
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| Motherhood | |
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| Stereotypes of Mothers | |
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| Single Mothers | |
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| Lesbian Mothers | |
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| Mothers with Disabilities | |
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| The Postparental Period | |
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| Relationships in the Later Years | |
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| Siblings | |
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| Adult Children | |
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| Grandchildren | |
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| Parents | |
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| Education and Achievement | |
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| Women's Educational Values, Attainment, and Campus Experience | |
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| Educational Values | |
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| Educational Attainment | |
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| Campus Climate | |
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| Women's Work-Related Goals | |
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| Career Aspirations | |
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| Career Counseling | |
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| Work-Family Expectations | |
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| Work-Family Outcomes | |
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| Salary Expectations | |
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| Influences on Women's Achievement Level and Career Decisions | |
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| Orientation to Achievement | |
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| Personality Characteristics | |
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| Sexual Orientation | |
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| Social and Cultural Factors | |
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| Job-Related Characteristics | |
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| Entering the Workplace | |
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| Employment | |
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| Women's Decision to Work, Employment Rates, and Occupational Choices | |
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| Decision to Work | |
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| Employment Rates | |
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| Occupational Choices | |
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| Gender Differences in Leadership and Job Advancement | |
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| Leadership Positions | |
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| Barriers That Hinder Women's Advancement | |
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| Women as Leaders | |
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| Gender Differences in Salaries | |
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| Comparative Salaries | |
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| Reasons for Differences in Salaries | |
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| Women's Job Satisfaction | |
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| Gender Differences in Satisfaction | |
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| Factor Influencing Lesbians' Job Satisfaction | |
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| The Older Woman Worker | |
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| Employment Rates | |
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| Why Do Older Women Work? | |
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| Entering the Workforce in Later Life | |
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| Age Discrimination in the Workplace | |
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| Changing the Workplace | |
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| Organizational Procedures and Policies | |
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| Strategies for Women | |
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| Retirement | |
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| The Retirement Decision | |
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| Adjustment to Retirement | |
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| Leisure Activities in Retirement | |
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| Economic Issues in Later Life | |
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| Poverty | |
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| Retirement Income: Planning Ahead | |
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| Balancing Family and Work | |
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| Attitudes toward Women's Family and Employment Roles | |
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| Role of Ethnicity | |
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| Role of Motherhood | |
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| Personal Aspirations | |
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| Division of Household Labor | |
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| Importance of Work and Family Roles for Women and Men | |
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| Women's Housework and Child Care | |
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| Caring for Aging Parents | |
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| Leisure Time | |
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| Women's Perceptions of the Division of Family Labor | |
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| Explanations of the Division of Family Labor | |
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| Family-Work Coordination | |
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| Women's Experiences with Parental Leave | |
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| Women's Experiences Balancing Family and Work | |
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| Effects of Mothers' Employment on Children | |
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| Effects of Wives' Employment on the Marital Relationship | |
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| Solutions to Family-Work Balancing Difficulties | |
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| Midlife Transitions in Family and Work Roles | |
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| Satisfaction with Life Roles | |
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| Regrets about Life Direction | |
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| Making Changes | |
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| Midlife Transitions: A Cautionary Note | |
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| Physical Health | |
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| Health Services | |
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| The Physician-Patient Relationship | |
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| Type and Quality of Care | |
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| Women of Color and Health Care | |
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| Lesbian Health and Health Care | |
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| Health Insurance | |
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| Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | |
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| Overview of STIs | |
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| AIDS | |
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| Reproductive System Disorders | |
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| Benign Conditions | |
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| Cancers | |
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| Hysterectomy | |
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| Osteoporosis | |
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| Risk Factors | |
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| Prevention and Treatment | |
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| Heart Disease | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| Risk Factors | |
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| Diagnosis and Treatment | |
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| Psychological Impact | |
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| Breast Cancer | |
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| Risk Factors | |
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| Detection | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Psychological Impact | |
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| Physical Health in Later Life | |
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| Gender Differences in Mortality | |
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| Social Class and Ethnic Differences | |
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| Gender Differences in Illness | |
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| Disability | |
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| Promoting Good Health | |
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| Physical Activity and Exercise | |
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| Nutrition | |
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| Mental Health | |
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| Factors Promoting Mental Health | |
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| Social Support | |
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| Optimism: "The Power of Positive Thinking" | |
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| Mental Health in Childhood and Adolescence | |
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| Internalizing Disorders in Girls | |
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| Externalizing Disorders in Girls | |
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| Eating Disorders | |
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| Types of Eating Disorders | |
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| Causes of Eating Disorders | |
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| Treatment of Eating Disorders | |
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| Substance Use and Abuse | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Illegal Substances | |
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| Anxiety Disorders and Depression | |
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| Anxiety Disorders | |
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| Depression | |
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| Suicide | |
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| Mental Health of Lesbians | |
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| Stresses | |
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| Problems and Coping Mechanisms | |
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| Mental Health of Older Women | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| The Vital Older Woman | |
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| Diagnosis and Treatment of Psychological Orders | |
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| Gender Bias in Diagnosis | |
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| Gender Bias in Psychotherapy | |
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| Therapy Issues for Women of Color and Poor Women | |
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| Types of Therapy | |
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| Violence Against Girls and Women | |
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| Sexual Harassment at School | |
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| Elementary and Secondary School | |
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| The College Campus | |
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| Sexual Harassment in the Workplace | |
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| Incidence | |
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| Consequences | |
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| Explanations | |
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| Women's Responses | |
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| Violence Against Girls | |
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| Child Sexual Abuse | |
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| Infanticide and Neglect | |
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| Dating Violence | |
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| Incidence of Dating Violence | |
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| Who Engages in Dating Violence? | |
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| Rape | |
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| Incidence | |
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| Acquaintance Rape | |
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| Factors Associated with Acquaintance Rape | |
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| Effects of Rape | |
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| Rape Prevention | |
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| Theories of Rape | |
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| Intimate Partner Violence | |
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| Incidence | |
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| Role of Disability, Social Class, and Ethnicity | |
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| Risk Factors | |
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| Effects of Intimate Partner Violence | |
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| Leaving the Abusive Relationship | |
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| Theories of Intimate Partner Violence | |
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| Interventions | |
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| Elder Abuse | |
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| Types of Abuse | |
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| Who Is Abused and Who Abuses? | |
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| What Can Be Done? | |
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| A Feminist Future: Goals, Actions, and Attitudes | |
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| Feminist Goals | |
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| Gender Equality in Organizational Power | |
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| Gender Equality in Relationship Power | |
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| Gender Equality in Power for All Groups of Women | |
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| Greater Flexibility in the Social Construction of Gender | |
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| Actions to Achieve These Goals | |
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| Research and Teaching | |
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| Socialization of Children | |
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| Institutional Procedures | |
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| Individual Actions | |
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| Collective Action | |
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| Feminist Beliefs | |
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| Feminist Identification | |
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| Emergence of Feminist Beliefs | |
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| Men and Feminism | |
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| Postscript | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |