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| Preface | |
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| Foreword | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Formative Period: Early 1800s to 1938 | |
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| Consolidation Period: 1939 to 1971 | |
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| Modern Period: 1972 to the Present | |
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| Forensic Anthropologists and the Medicolegal Community | |
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| The Forensic Anthropology Protocol and the Layout of This Book | |
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| Methods of Forensic Anthropology | |
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| Data Gathering Methods | |
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| Data Analysis Methods | |
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| Basics of Human Osteology and Odontology | |
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| Overview of the Human Skeleton | |
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| Cranial Skeleton | |
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| Axial Skeleton | |
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| Appendicular Skeleton | |
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| Basic Topics in Osteology | |
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| Anatomy of Bone | |
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| Bone Growth | |
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| Joint Types | |
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| Overview of the Human Dentition | |
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| Establishing the Forensic Context | |
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| Human versus Nonhuman | |
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| Maturity Distinctions | |
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| Architectural Differences | |
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| Bear Paws and Pig's Teeth | |
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| Contemporary versus Noncontemporary | |
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| State of Preservation | |
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| Body Modifications | |
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| Personal Belongings | |
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| Conditions of Interment | |
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| Recovery Scene Methods | |
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| Preliminary Issues | |
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| Locating Remains | |
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| Searching for Human Remains | |
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| Searching for Associated Materials | |
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| Mapping Remains | |
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| Grave Excavation | |
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| Collecting Remains | |
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| Mass Disasters | |
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| Personnel | |
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| Locating, Mapping, Collecting | |
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| Temporary Morgue | |
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| Victim Information | |
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| Estimating Time Since Death | |
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| Overview of Decomposition | |
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| Decomposition and Skeletonization | |
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| Surface Finds | |
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| Buried and Submerged Remains | |
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| Animal Scavenging | |
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| Other Methods | |
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| Forensic Entomology | |
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| Forensic Botany | |
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| Deterioration of Clothing and Other Materials | |
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| Initial Treatment and Examination | |
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| Forensic Anthropology Laboratory | |
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| Preparation of Remains | |
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| Bulk Soft Tissue Removal | |
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| Disarticulation | |
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| Residual Soft Tissue Removal | |
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| Stabilizing Remains | |
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| Reconstruction, Sorting, and Reassembly | |
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| Reconstruction | |
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| Sorting | |
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| Reassembly | |
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| Inventorying Remains | |
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| Skeletal Inventory Form (Adults) | |
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| Skeletal Inventory Form (Subadults) | |
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| Attribution of Ancestry | |
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| Anthroposcopic Traits | |
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| Cranial Skeleton | |
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| Postcranial Skeleton | |
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| Metric Methods | |
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| Indexes | |
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| Discriminant Functions | |
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| Miscellaneous Ancestral Characteristics | |
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| Attribution of Sex | |
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| Sexing the Pelvis | |
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| Anthroposcopic Traits | |
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| Metric Methods | |
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| Sexing the Skull | |
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| Anthroposcopic Traits | |
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| Metric Methods | |
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| Miscellaneous Methods | |
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| Multiple Postcranial Bones | |
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| Long Limb Bone Lengths | |
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| Scapula | |
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| Humerus | |
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| Sexing Subadults | |
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| Auricular Surface | |
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| Greater Sciatic Notch | |
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| Other Methods | |
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| Estimation of Age at Death | |
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| Subadults | |
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| Long Bone Lengths | |
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| Union of Primary Ossification Centers | |
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| Tooth Formation | |
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| Tooth Eruption | |
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| Epiphyseal Union | |
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| Adults | |
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| Pubic Symphyses | |
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| Auricular Surface | |
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| Sternal Rib Ends | |
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| Cranial Suture Closure | |
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| Other Methods | |
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| Calculation of Stature | |
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| Basics of Stature Reconstruction | |
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| Full Skeleton Methods | |
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| Long Limb Bones | |
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| Other Skeletal Elements | |
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| Partial Long Limb Bones | |
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| Adjustments to Stature | |
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| Age of Individual | |
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| Bone Shrinkage | |
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| Reported versus Measured Stature | |
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| Death, Trauma, and the Skeleton | |
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| Cause and Manner of Death | |
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| Basics of Bone Trauma | |
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| Characteristics of Forces Causing Trauma | |
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| Direction of Force | |
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| Speed of Force | |
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| Focus of Force | |
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| Types of Trauma | |
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| Blunt Force Trauma | |
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| Sharp Force Trauma | |
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| Projectile Trauma | |
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| Miscellaneous Trauma | |
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| Timing of Bone Injury | |
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| Antemortem Trauma | |
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| Perimortem Trauma | |
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| Postmortem Damage | |
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| Projectile Trauma | |
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| Basics of Ammunition and Firearms | |
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| Size | |
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| Bullet Construction | |
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| Projectile Velocity | |
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| Basics of Bullet Travel | |
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| Effects of Bullets on Bone | |
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| Wound Beveling | |
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| Wound Shape | |
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| Wound Size | |
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| Fracture Lines | |
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| Bullet Wound Analysis | |
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| Description of Wound(s) | |
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| Estimation of Caliber | |
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| Estimation of Bullet Construction | |
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| Estimation of Velocity | |
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| Estimation of Direction of Fire | |
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| Estimation of Sequence | |
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| Miscellaneous Estimations | |
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| Pellet Wound Analysis | |
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| Miscellaneous Projectiles | |
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| Blunt Trauma | |
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| Characteristics of Instruments | |
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| Size | |
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| Shape | |
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| Weight | |
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| Effects of Blunt Instruments | |
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| Skull | |
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| Long Bones | |
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| Other Bones | |
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| Wound Analysis | |
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| Description of Wound(s) | |
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| Estimation of Size | |
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| Estimation of Shape | |
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| Estimation of Direction | |
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| Estimation of Energy | |
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| Estimation of Number | |
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| Estimation of Sequence | |
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| Miscellaneous Estimations | |
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| Sharp and Miscellaneous Trauma | |
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| Sharp Trauma | |
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| Effects of Sharp Instruments | |
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| Wound Analysis | |
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| Strangulation | |
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| Chemical Trauma | |
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| Antemortem Skeletal Conditions | |
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| Pathological Conditions | |
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| Lytic Lesions | |
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| Proliferative Lesions | |
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| Deformative Lesions | |
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| Skeletal Anomalies | |
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| Accessory Bones | |
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| Nonfusion Anomalies | |
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| Accessory Foramen | |
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| Miscellaneous Anomalies | |
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| Occupational Stress Markers | |
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| Postmortem Changes to Bone | |
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| Dismemberments | |
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| Basics of Saws and Saw Damage | |
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| Analysis of Saw Marks | |
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| Animal Scavenging | |
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| Carnivores | |
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| Rodents | |
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| Fire Damage | |
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| Weathering | |
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| Burial Damage | |
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| Water Transport Damage | |
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| Miscellaneous | |
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| Additional Aspects of Individualization | |
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| Facial Reproduction | |
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| Assessing Handedness | |
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| Estimating Body Weight | |
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| Identification Using Antemortem Records | |
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| Radiography | |
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| Frontal Sinus | |
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| Other Structures | |
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| Photographic Superimposition | |
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| Forensic Odontology | |
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| Ancestry (Race) | |
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| Age | |
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| Sex | |
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| "Civilized" Teeth | |
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| Cause of Death | |
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| Antemortem Health | |
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| Positive Identification | |
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| Miscellaneous Techniques | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Ethical Responsibilities | |
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| The Final Report | |
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| Courtroom Testimony | |
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| Future of Forensic Anthropology | |
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| References | |
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| Note on Photography | |
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| Index | |