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| Preface | |
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| An Overview of Population Science | |
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| The Nature of Populations | |
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| The Focus on Aggregates | |
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| Populations and Other Aggregates | |
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| Naturally Occurring Populations: Human and Nonhuman | |
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| Aggregates and Individuals | |
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| Ecological Fallacy | |
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| Structural Effects: An Introduction | |
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| Demographic Determinism and "Laws" of Population | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| The Study of Populations | |
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| The History of Demography: An Overview | |
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| The First Demographers | |
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| The Study of Population in the Premodern Era | |
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| Contemporary Sources of Demographic Information | |
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| Traditional and Nongovernmental Sources | |
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| Census and Registration Data | |
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| Samples and Complete Enumerations | |
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| Demographic Variables: Size, Structure, and Vital Events | |
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| Population Size | |
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| Variations in Population Size | |
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| Measuring Structural Characteristics | |
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| Rates of Vital Events | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| How Populations Are Structured | |
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| Biological Structure: Age and Sex | |
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| Sex Structure: Some Comparisons | |
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| Age Structure and Population Pyramids | |
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| Proportional and Average Ages | |
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| Sociocultural Structure: Subpopulations and Strata | |
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| The Constituents of Population: Marriage and Family, Ethnicity and Race | |
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| Ethnicity | |
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| Class and Income Differentials | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Geographic Distribution: Population and Territory | |
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| How Territory Is Divided: Administrative and Statistical Areas | |
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| Population Density: Concepts and Consequences | |
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| Measuring Density | |
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| Density and Behavior | |
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| The Urbanization of the Human Population | |
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| An Historical Overview of Urban Growth | |
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| Urban Growth in the United States | |
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| Geographic Information Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Population Dynamics: Vital Events and Growth | |
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| Birth and Fertility: Measures, Theories, and Trends | |
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| Measuring Fertility | |
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| Common Period Measures | |
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| Other Period Measures | |
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| Cohort Measures | |
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| Theories of Fertility | |
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| The Theory of Multiphasic Demographic Response | |
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| The Theory of Intermediate Variables | |
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| Economic, Structural, and Cultural Theories | |
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| World Fertility: Levels and Trends | |
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| Fertility Decline in Asia | |
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| Delayed Transition in Africa | |
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| Latin America: Low Fertility, High Variability | |
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| Toward Negative Growth in the Industrialized Nations | |
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| Fertility in the United States | |
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| Postwar Trends and the Baby Boom | |
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| Contemporary Fertility Differentials | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Mortality: Causes and Consequences | |
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| Measuring Morbidity and Mortality | |
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| Morbidity Rates | |
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| Crude Death Rates | |
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| Specific Death Rates | |
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| Social and Environmental Factors | |
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| Mortality in the United States | |
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| The Effects of Inequality | |
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| Cause-Specific Death in the United States | |
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| Mortality Decline: An Overview | |
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| Global Mortality Patterns: Past and Present | |
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| Epidemiological Transition in Europe and America | |
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| Transition in the Third World | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Migration: Geographic and Social Psychological Components | |
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| Measuring Migration | |
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| Some Operational Definitions | |
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| Measurement Problems and Estimation Methods | |
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| Internal Population Shifts in the United States | |
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| The Great Migration | |
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| A Reversal of Trends in the Late Twentieth Century | |
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| Theories of Migration | |
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| Ravenstein's "Laws" | |
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| The Economic Opportunity Model | |
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| Lee's Theory of Push and Pull Factors | |
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| Social Network Theory | |
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| Todaro's Migration Model | |
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| The Value Expectancy Model | |
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| International Migration | |
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| A Nation of Immigrants | |
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| Refugees: The Issue of Forced International Migration | |
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| Explaining Forced Migration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Population Dynamics in Historical and Comparative Perspective | |
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| Measures and Models of Growth | |
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| Measuring Growth by Difference | |
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| Growth by Components | |
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| Demographic Transition and Social Change | |
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| Early World Population Growth | |
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| The Three-Stage Process | |
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| Demographic Transition in the Third World | |
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| The Prospects of Future Population Growth | |
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| The Redistribution of the World's Population | |
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| The Third Stage in the Third World? | |
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| Europe's Second Transition | |
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| The Aging of the World's Population | |
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| The United States Population: Growth and Change | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Population Models | |
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| The Life Table: An Introduction | |
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| Measuring Mortality | |
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| Definitions and Illustrations | |
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| Observed Data | |
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| The Life Table Proper | |
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| Data Sources and Functions | |
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| Age: x | |
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| The Observed Cohort Sizes, Deaths, and Probabilities of Dying: [subscript n]K[subscript x], [subscript n]D[subscript x], and [subscript n]q[subscript x] | |
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| The Surviving Population: [subscript n]l[subscript x] | |
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| Deaths in the Life Table: [subscript n]d[subscript x] | |
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| The Person Years Lived by the Life-Table Population: [subscript n]L[subscript x] | |
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| Total Person Years Remaining: [subscript n]T[subscript x] | |
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| Average Life Expectancy: e[subscript x] | |
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| Abridged and Unabridged Tables | |
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| Survival Rates | |
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| Interpretations | |
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| Reverse Survival | |
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| Applications | |
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| Cohort Tables and the Lexis Diagram | |
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| The Cohort or Generation Table | |
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| The Lexis Diagram | |
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| Life-Table Applications | |
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| Life Insurance and Related Uses | |
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| The Class of '61 | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Population Estimates, Projections, and Forecasts | |
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| Approaches to Anticipating Population Characteristics | |
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| Population Estimation | |
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| Simple Growth Models | |
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| Components Methods | |
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| Methods of Projection | |
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| Extrapolation from Simple Growth Models | |
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| Projecting with the Components Method | |
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| Matrix-Based Approaches to Population Projection | |
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| Forecasts and Forecasting | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Demography in Application | |
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| Population Policy: Controlling Demographic Processes | |
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| The Nature of Population Policy: Definition and Case Studies | |
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| Why Are Population Policies Necessary? | |
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| Children, Families, and Communities | |
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| The Legal Dimension: Policy Implementation and Fertility Determinants | |
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| Immigration Policy | |
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| How Population Policies Are Made | |
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| Stages of the Policy Process | |
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| Creating a Population Policy: The Case of Zambia | |
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| International Organizations and Population Policy | |
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| Evaluating Population Policies | |
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| The Role of Values in Population Policy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Population and Environment | |
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| The Tea-Seller's Dilemma | |
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| The Household of Nature: The Plight of Natural Resources | |
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| Fresh Water | |
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| Depletion of Forests | |
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| Energy | |
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| Theories of Population and Environment | |
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| Direct Effect Theories | |
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| Indirect Effect Theories | |
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| Measuring Environmental Conditions and Impacts | |
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| The Geophysical Environment | |
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| Individual-Level Measures | |
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| Environmental Policies and Politics | |
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| The Political Context | |
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| Programs and Strategies: The Rise of Environmentalism | |
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| Embracing the Lessons of Chipko | |
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| Sustainable Development | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| Web Sites to Bookmark | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Accessing and Using Information about Population Science | |
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| Demography-Oriented Software | |
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| Data Sets, Educational Packages, and Applications | |
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| GIS Software and Sites | |
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| Demography and the Internet | |
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| The Internet: Roots and Branches | |
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| Demography-Oriented Sites | |
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| Marketing Demographic Skills | |
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| Demography for Planners | |
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| Demography and Business | |
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| Demography for the Human Service Professional | |
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| Actuarial Science | |
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| A Conclusion and an Invitation | |
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| Of Population | |
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| On Population | |
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| Population and You | |
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| Summary | |
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| Doing Demography | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| International Tourism as a Form of Migration | |
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| Population Policy in Historical Perspective | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |