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| Introduction | |
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| Methods and History of Gender Research | |
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| Gender-Role Attitudes | |
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| Sex-Related Comparisons: Observations | |
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| Sex-Related Comparisons: Theory | |
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| Achievement | |
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| Communication | |
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| Friendship | |
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| Romantic Relationships | |
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| Sex Differences in Health: Evidence and Explanations | |
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| Relationships and Health | |
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| Paid Worker Role and Health | |
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| Mental Health | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition of Terms | |
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| Cultural Differences in the Construal of Gender | |
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| Cultures with Multiple Genders | |
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| Morocco | |
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| The Agta Negrito | |
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| Tahiti | |
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| Status and Culture | |
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| Philosophical and Political Issues Surrounding Gender | |
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| The Sex Difference Debate | |
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| Social Construction of Gender | |
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| Women's Movements | |
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| Men's Movements | |
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| A Note On Sexist Language | |
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| This Book's Approach to the Study of Gender | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Methods and History of Gender Research | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| Correlational Study | |
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| Experimental Study | |
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| Field Experiment | |
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| Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Designs | |
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| Difficulties in Conducting Research on Gender | |
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| Experimenter Effects | |
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| Participant Effects | |
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| The Setting: Laboratory Versus Field | |
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| Variables Confounded with Sex | |
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| Situational Influences | |
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| History of the Psychology of Gender | |
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| 1894 1936: Sex Differences in Intelligence | |
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| 1936 1954: M/F as a Global Personality Trait | |
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| 1954 1982: Sex Typing and Androgyny | |
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| 1982 Present: Gender as a Social Category | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Gender-Role Attitudes | |
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| Attitudes Toward Men's and Women's Roles | |
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| Affective Component: Sexism | |
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| Traditional Versus Modern Sexism | |
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| Hostile Versus Benevolent Sexism | |
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| Sexism Toward Men | |
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| Attitudes toward Lesbians, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered (LGBT) Persons | |
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| Cognitive Component: Gender-Role Stereotyping | |
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| What Is a Gender-Role Stereotype? | |
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| Components of Gender-Role Stereotypes | |
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| Gender-role Stereotypes of Older People | |
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| Gender-role Stereotypes of People Who Vary in Ethnicity or Culture | |
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| Stereotypes of Homosexuals | |
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| Children's Stereotypes | |
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| Subcategories of Gender-Role Stereotypes | |
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| Effects of Gender-Role Stereotypes | |
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| Altering Gender-Role Stereotypes | |
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| Do Stereotypes Reflect Reality? | |
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| What Is the Status of Stereotypes Today? | |
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| Behavioral Component: Sex Discrimination | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Sex-Related Comparisons: Observations | |
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| Maccoby and Jacklin's Psychology of Sex Differences | |
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| Meta-Analysis | |
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| Sex Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities | |
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| Spatial Ability | |
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| Mathematical Ability | |
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| Verbal Ability | |
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| Comprehensive Assessment of Cognitive Abilities | |
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| Sex Comparisons in Social Domains | |
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| Empathy | |
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| Helping Behavior | |
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| Aggression | |
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| Sexuality | |
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| General Personality Attributes | |
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| Sex Comparisons in Moral Development | |
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| Sex Comparisons in Social Development | |
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| Sex Similarities Hypothesis Revisited | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Sex-Related Comparisons: Theory | |
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| Biology | |
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| Genes | |
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| Hormones | |
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| The Brain | |
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| Psychobiosocial Models | |
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| Evolutionary Theory and Sociobiology | |
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| Sexual Behavior | |
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| Aggression | |
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| The Hunter-Gatherer Society | |
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| A Final Note | |
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| Psychoanalytic Theory | |
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| Social Learning Theory | |
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| Observational Learning or Modeling | |
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| Reinforcement | |
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| Gender-Role Socialization | |
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| The Influence of Parents | |
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| The Influence of Other People | |
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| Other Features of the Environment | |
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| Social Role Theory | |
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| Cognitive Development Theory | |
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| Gender Schema Theory | |
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| Considering the Context: Deaux and Major's Model | |
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| Perceiver | |
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| Target | |
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| Situation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Achievement | |
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| Individual Difference Factors | |
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| The Achievement Motive | |
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| Fear of Achievement | |
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| Self-Confidence | |
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| Response to Evaluative Feedback | |
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| Self-Esteem | |
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| Stereotype Threat | |
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| Conceptions of the Self | |
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| Attributions for Performance | |
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| Social Factors | |
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| Expectancy/Value Model of Achievement | |
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| The Influence of Parents | |
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| The Influence of Teachers | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Communication | |
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| Interaction Styles in Childhood | |
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| Children's Styles of Play | |
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| Girls' Difficulty in Influencing Boys | |
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| Institutional Support | |
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| Interaction Styles in Adulthood | |
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| Qualifiers of Sex Differences | |
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| Implications of Interaction Styles for Performance | |
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| Language | |
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| Qualifiers of Sex Differences | |
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| Nonverbal Behavior | |
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| Smiling | |
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| Gazing | |
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| Interpersonal Sensitivity | |
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| Encoding | |
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| Touching | |
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| Leadership and Influenceability | |
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| Who Is Influenced? | |
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| Who Emerges as the Leader? | |
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| Leadership Styles | |
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| Perception of Female and Male Leaders | |
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| Emotion | |
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| The Experience of Emotion | |
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| The Expression of Emotion | |
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| Physiological Measures of Emotion | |
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| Attributions for Emotion | |
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| Explanations for Sex Differences in Communication | |
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| Status Theory | |
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| Social Role Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Friendship | |
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| Network Size | |
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| The Nature of Friendship | |
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| Sex Differences | |
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| Sex Similarities | |
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| Closeness of Friendship | |
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| Self-Disclosure | |
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| Sex of Discloser | |
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| Sex of Recipient | |
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| Situational Variables | |
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| Barriers to Closeness in Male Friendship | |
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| Competition | |
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| Homophobia | |
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| Emotional Inexpressiveness | |
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| Conflict in Friendship | |
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| Cross-Sex Friendship | |
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| Comparisons to Same-Sex Friendship | |
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| Obstacles | |
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| Cross-Race Friendship | |
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| Friendships of Lesbians and Gay Men | |
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| Friendship at Work | |
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| Changes Over the Life Span | |
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| Early Adulthood: Marriage and Family | |
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| Late Adulthood: Retirement and Empty Nest | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Romantic Relationships | |
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| Relationship Development | |
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| Characteristics Desired in a Mate | |
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| Relationship Initiation | |
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| The Nature of Romantic Relationships | |
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| Intimacy | |
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| Love | |
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| Sexuality | |
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| Maintaining Relationships | |
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| Maintenance Strategies | |
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| Relationship Satisfaction | |
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| Conflict | |
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| Conflict Management | |
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| Demand/Withdraw Pattern | |
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| Jealousy | |
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| Cohabiting Relationships | |
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| Who Cohabits | |
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| Outcomes of Cohabitation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Sex Differences in Health: Evidence and Explanations | |
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| Sex Differences in Mortality | |
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| Life Span | |
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| Leading Causes of Death | |
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| Crime Statistics | |
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| Sex Differences in Morbidity | |
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| Explanations for Sex Differences in Health | |
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| Biology | |
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| Genes | |
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| Hormones | |
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| Immune System | |
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| Cardiovascular Reactivity | |
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| Artifacts | |
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| Socioeconomic Status | |
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| Physician Bias | |
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| Health Behaviors | |
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| Preventive Health Care | |
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| Smoking | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Drugs | |
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| Overweight and Obesity | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Men's and Women's Social Roles | |