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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why Do We Need This Knowledge? | |
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| Three Challenges to Ethics | |
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| Three Traditional Ethical Perspectives | |
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| Three More Challenges to Ethics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Religion and Morality | |
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| The Euthyphro Question | |
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| Medieval Developments of Divine Command Theory | |
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| Morality Dependent on God Through Creation | |
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| Problems for Divine Command Theory | |
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| How Are We to Understand God's Commands? | |
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| Are God's Commands justified by Creation? | |
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| How Are We to Identify God's Commands? | |
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| Radically Modified Divine Command Theory | |
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| Religion and the Public Arena | |
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| Is Rawls's Requirement of Public Reason Unfair? | |
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| Seeing Different Kinds of Unfairness | |
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| Can Religious Moral Teachings Be Required by Reason? | |
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| How Public Reasons Are to Be Made Accessible | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| MySearchLab Connections | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Challenge of Moral Relativism | |
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| Negative Consequences from Endorsing Moral Relativism | |
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| Tolerance-A Benefit from Endorsing Moral Relativism? | |
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| But Is It True? | |
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| Analysis of the Case of Rape and Marriage | |
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| Analysis of the Case of Widows and Suttee | |
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| Analysis of the Case of Female Circumcision | |
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| A Comparison to Divine Command Theory | |
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| The Standard Criticism of Moral Relativism | |
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| Our Six Purported Cases of Moral Relativism | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| MySearchLab Connections | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Challenge of Egoism | |
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| Psychological Egoism | |
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| Ethical Egoism | |
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| Individual Ethical Egoism | |
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| Universal Ethical Egoism | |
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| Appealing to Publicity | |
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| Paralleling Egoism and Racism | |
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| Appealing to Consistency | |
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| Is There No Way to Meet the Challenge of Universal Ethical Egoism? | |
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| From Rationality to Morality | |
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| Lifeboat Cases | |
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| Morality as Compromise | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| MySearchLab Connections | |
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| Notes | |
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| Utilitarian Ethics | |
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| Introducing Utilitarian Ethics | |
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| An Implication of Utilitarian Ethics: Sacrificing the Few for the Many | |
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| Osama Bin Laden and Terrorism | |
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| Hypothetical Examples | |
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| An Objection to Utilitarian Ethics: Never Do Evil | |
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| Refining and Answering the Objection: Necessary Harm and Independent Reasons | |
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| A Further Defense: Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| A Better Defense: The "Ought" Implies "Can" Principle | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| MySearchLab Connections | |
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| Notes | |
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| Kantian Ethics | |
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| Kant's Categorical Imperative Test | |
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| Kant, Egoism and Hypothetical Imperatives | |
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| A Central Requirement of Morality | |
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| Universalizability Not Enough | |
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| Other Formulations of Kant's Test | |
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| Two Interpretations of Kant's Ethics | |
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| Welfare Liberalism | |
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| Libertarianism | |
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| Supporting Examples | |
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| Conflicting Liberties | |
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| An Expanded "Ought" Implies "Can" Principle Again | |
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| Libertarian Objections | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| MySearchLab Connections | |
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| Notes | |
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| Aristotelian Ethics | |
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| Happiness and the Virtuous Life | |
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| Characterizing the Virtuous Life | |
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| Conflicts with Kantian Ethics | |
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| The Importance of Rules | |
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| Focusing on How We Should Act | |
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| The Priority Question | |
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| Ayn Rand's Aristotelian Ethics | |
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| The No-Conflict Thesis | |
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| Conflicts of Self-interest in Rand's Novels | |
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| The No-Duty Thesis | |
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| The Importance of Rejecting the No-Conflict Thesis | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| MySearchLab Connections | |
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| Notes | |
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| Taking-Stock Interlude | |
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| The Challenge of Environmentalism | |
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| Singer's Utilitarian Environmentalism | |
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| Regan's Kantian Environmentalism | |
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| Biocentrism | |
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| Principles of Conflict Resolution | |
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| Individualism and Holism | |
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| An Objection from a Somewhat Alien Perspective | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| MySearchLab Connections | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Challenge of Feminism | |
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| Gilligan's Challenge | |
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| The Practical Inadequacy of Traditional Theories of Justice | |
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| Is It Discrimination or Is It Choice? | |
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| The Practical Inadequacy of the Traditional Ideals of a Morally Good Person | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| MySearchLab Connections | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Challenge of Multiculturalism | |
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| Correcting and Interpreting Traditional Ethics | |
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| Using American Indian Culture | |
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| Using Confucius | |
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| New Obligations for Traditional Ethics | |
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| Applying Traditional Ethics Cross-Culturally | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| MySearchLab Connections | |
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| Notes | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Three Challenges | |
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| Three Conceptions of Ethics | |
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| Three More Challenges | |
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| Practicing Ethics | |
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| Summing-Up | |
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| Notes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |