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| Preface | |
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| An Institutional Approach to Democracy and Democratization in Latin America | |
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| Institutions and the Study of Democratic Politics | |
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| What Is an Institution? | |
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| What Is an Institutional Approach to Politics? | |
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| Comparing Countries: Do Authoritarians Follow Institutional Rules? Military Regimes and Institutional Design | |
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| Democracy in Latin America | |
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| Democratic Transition | |
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| Defining Democracy | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: The Struggle for Democracy in Guatemala | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| State and Nation in Colonial Latin America | |
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| Pillars of Democracy: State and Nation | |
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| Land and People | |
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| Human Settlements in the Pre-Colombian Period | |
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| The Colonial Impact on Settlement and Demography | |
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| The Colonial Period | |
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| The Arrival, and Conquest | |
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| The Expansion of Spanish Colonialism | |
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| Comparing Countries: Conquest in Brazil Contrasted with Spanish America | |
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| Colonial Institutions | |
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| Religious Institutions in Colonial Latin America | |
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| The Long Road to Independence | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: Explaining the Exceptionalism of Colonial Legacies in the United States | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Constitutions: From States and Nations to Regimes, and Back Again | |
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| Constitutional Foundations: The Consolidation of Independent States and the Search for National Identity in Latin America | |
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| The Caudillo Period (1820s-1870s) | |
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| The Export Economy (1860s-1930s) | |
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| The Opening of the U.S. Umbrella (1898) | |
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| The Great Depression (1929) | |
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| The Populist Era (1930s-l 960s) | |
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| Bureaucratic Authoritarianism and the Cold War (1960s-l980s) | |
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| From the Washington Consensus to the "Pink Tide"(1980s to present) | |
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| Constitutions: The Rules of the Game and More | |
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| Constitutional Development in Latin America | |
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| Constitutionalism and Democracy | |
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| Constitutions and Political Pacts | |
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| Constitutions and National Identity | |
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| The Politics of Constitutional Change | |
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| Types of Constitutional Reform | |
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| The Source of Reform: The People or Congress? | |
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| Motives for Reform | |
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| Institutional Opportunities and Barriers | |
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| Comparing Countries: What Distinguishes the Structure and Content of Constitutions in Latin America? | |
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| Explaining Constitutional Change in Latin America | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: Constitutional Reform in Nicaragua | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Executive Branch: Latin American Style | |
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| The Executive Branch in Presidential and Parliamentary Forms of Government | |
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| The Parliamentary System | |
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| The Presidential System | |
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| Origins of Parliamentarism and Presidentialism | |
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| Variations in Parliamentary and Presidential Systems | |
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| Latin American Presidencies | |
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| Constitutional Powers | |
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| Partisan Powers | |
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| Comparing Countries: An Assessment of Presidentialism | |
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| The Administrative Arm of the Executive: Bureaucracy | |
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| Efficiency and Bureaucracy | |
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| The Pathologies of Bureaucracy | |
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| The Size of Bureaucracy | |
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| Corruption and Bureaucracy | |
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| Bureaucratic Boundaries | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: Presidential Politics in Argentina | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Legislative Branch: The Centerpiece of Democracy Under Fire | |
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| Parliament and Congress | |
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| The Functions of Congress | |
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| Representation | |
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| Past Roadblocks to Representation | |
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| More Recent Changes in Representation | |
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| Lawmaking | |
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| Initiation | |
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| Debate | |
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| Oversight | |
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| Direct Oversight | |
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| Indirect Oversight | |
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| Education | |
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| Comparing Countries: Legislative Strength | |
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| Legislative Structure | |
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| Size | |
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| Sessions | |
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| Terms and Alternates | |
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| Bicameralism | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: The National Congress of Chile: A Barometer of Chilean Democracy | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Judiciary in Latin America: Separate but Unequal | |
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| Approaches to Judicial Organization | |
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| Common Law and Code Law Traditions | |
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| Mixed Judicial Systems in Latin America | |
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| The Rule of Law | |
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| Defining the Rule of Law | |
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| The Judiciary�s Contribution to the Rule of Law | |
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| The Judiciary and Other Government Institutions: Power and Independence | |
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| The Judiciary and the People: Access and Efficiency | |
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| Comparing Countries: Courts Versus Politicians in Guatemala and Colombia | |
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| The Judicialization of Politics in Contemporary Latin America | |
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| Motives and Opportunities to Judicialize Politics | |
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| International Actors and the Judicialization of Politics | |
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| The Judicialization of Politics at the Local Level | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: The Judicial Branch in Mexico: Seeking Reform | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Electoral Systems: The Core of Democratic Politics | |
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| Voting | |
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| The Electoral System | |
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| Electoral Formula | |
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| Majoritarian Systems | |
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| Proportional Representation | |
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| Hybrid Systems | |
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| District Magnitude | |
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| Electoral Thresholds | |
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| Ballot Structure | |
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| Districting and Apportionment | |
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| Institutional Distinction: An Ordinal Ballot in a Majoritarian Election: Chile's Binomial System | |
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| The Electoral System and Political Change | |
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| Presidential Elections in Latin America | |
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| Comparing Countries: Direct Democracy in Latin America | |
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| The Management and Observation of Elections | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: The Electoral System in Bolivia | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| From Civil Society to Political Parties: Putting Democracy into Practice | |
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| Civil Society and Democracy | |
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| Parties as Political Institutions | |
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| Parties as Regime Institutions | |
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| Comparing Countries: The Rules for Party Funding in Latin America | |
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| Parties as Social Institutions | |
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| How Parties and Civil Society Must Work Together in Democratic Latin America | |
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| From the Party to the Party System | |
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| Party System Fragmentation | |
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| Party System Institutionalization | |
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| Party System Polarization | |
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| The Interaction of Fragmentation, Institutionalization, and Polarization | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: Venezuela: Changes in Parties, Changes in Politics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Federalism and Unitarism: Learning to Share | |
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| Federalism and Unitarism, and the Range of Centralization | |
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| The Division of Power in a Federal System | |
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| The Balance of Centralization and Decentralization | |
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| Comparing Countries: Centralization in Federal Venezuela and Decentralization in Unitary Peru | |
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| The Origins of Governmental Relations in Latin America | |
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| Federalism and the Protection of Regional Caudillos | |
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| Contemporary Moves to Recognize Indigenous Territories | |
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| Federal and Unitary Design in Contemporary Latin America | |
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| Institutions That Complement Federalism: Bicameralism, Strong Judiciary, Rigid Constitutions | |
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| The Contemporary Effort to Decentralize | |
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| Variations in Federal Institutions | |
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| Dealing with Differences | |
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| Offsetting Regional Power Differences | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: Federalism In Brazil | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Armed Forces: Bridging the Civil-Military Divide | |
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| The Armed Forces in Contemporary Latin America: Global Comparisons | |
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| Military Expenditures | |
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| Military Spending and Development | |
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| Regional Distinctions | |
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| The Military Perspective of Latin American History | |
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| Comparing Countries: Justice and the "Dirty Wars" in Argentina and Brazil | |
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| Civil-Military Relations | |
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| Civil-Military Relations Under Democracy | |
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| Civilian Supremacy or Political Management? | |
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| New Security Norms Under Democracy | |
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| Institutional Checks and Balances Under Democracy | |
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| The Legislature | |
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| The Courts | |
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| The Executive | |
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| Civil-Military Relations and New Challenges | |
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| Country in the Spotlight: The Armed Forces of El Salvador | |
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| Conclusion | |