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| Preface | |
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| What Is Argumentation? | |
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| The Nature of Argumentation | |
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| The Nature of the Audience | |
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| The Historical Development of Argumentation | |
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| Ethical Standards for Argumentation | |
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| Clarity | |
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| Honesty | |
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| Efficiency | |
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| Relevance | |
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| Discourse Ethics | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Where Do I Begin in Argumentation? | |
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| Fields of Argumentation | |
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| Presumption | |
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| Burden of Proof | |
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| The Prima Facie Case | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| What Am I Going to Argue About? | |
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| The Nature of Propositions | |
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| Selecting Terms for Definition | |
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| Specifying Direction of Change | |
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| Identifying Key Issues | |
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| The Classification of Propositions | |
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| Propositions of Fact | |
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| Propositions of Value | |
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| Propositions of Policy | |
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| Phrasing the Proposition | |
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| Defining the Key Terms | |
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| Rules of Definition | |
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| Terms Needing Definition | |
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| How to Define Terms | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| How Do I Analyze Propositions? | |
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| Locating the Immediate Cause | |
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| Immediate Cause in Factual Propositions | |
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| Immediate Cause in Value Propositions | |
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| Immediate Cause in Policy Propositions | |
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| Investigating the History | |
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| Historical Background in Factual Propositions | |
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| Historical Background in Value Propositions | |
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| Historical Background in Policy Propositions | |
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| Defining Key Terms and Creating the Primary Inference | |
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| Key Terms in Factual Propositions | |
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| Key Terms in Value Propositions | |
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| Key Terms in Policy Propositions | |
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| Determining the Issues | |
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| Stock Issues for Factual Propositions | |
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| Stock Issues for Value Propositions | |
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| Stock Issues for Policy Propositions | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| How Is a Unit of Argument Created? | |
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| The Toulmin Model of Argument | |
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| Claims | |
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| Grounds | |
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| Warrant | |
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| Backing | |
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| Qualifiers | |
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| Rebuttals | |
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| Simple, Chain, and Cluster Arguments | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| How Do I Prove My Argument? | |
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| The Discovery of Evidence | |
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| Subject Heading Searches | |
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| Books | |
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| Periodicals | |
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| Newspapers | |
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| Government Documents | |
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| Fact Books, Encyclopedias, and Other Printed Resources | |
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| Types and Tests of Evidence | |
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| Evidence of Fact | |
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| Evidence from Opinion | |
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| Recording Evidence | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| How Do I Reason with My Audience? | |
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| Argument from Cause | |
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| Argument from Sign | |
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| Argument from Generalization | |
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| Argument from Parallel Case | |
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| Argument from Analogy | |
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| Argument from Authority | |
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| Argument from Dilemma | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| What Should I Avoid? | |
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| Fallacies in Reasoning | |
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| Hasty Generalization | |
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| Transfer | |
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| Irrelevant Arguments | |
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| Circular Reasoning | |
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| Avoiding the Issue | |
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| Forcing a Dichotomy | |
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| Fallacies of Appeal | |
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| Appeal to Ignorance | |
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| Appeal to the People | |
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| Appeal to Emotion | |
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| Appeal to Authority | |
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| Appeal to Tradition | |
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| Appeal to Humor | |
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| Fallacies of Language | |
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| Ambiguity and Equivocation | |
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| Emotionally Loaded Language | |
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| Technical Jargon | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| How Are Factual Propositions Argued? | |
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| Advocating Propositions of Fact | |
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| Building the Prima Facie Case | |
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| Preempting Opposing Arguments | |
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| Argument in Action | |
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| Opposing Propositions of Fact | |
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| Evaluating the Primary Inference | |
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| Using Presumption to Dispute the Primary Inference | |
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| Refuting by Denial and Extenuation | |
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| Responding to Preemptive Arguments | |
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| Argument in Action | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| How Are Value Propositions Argued? | |
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| Values in Conflict | |
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| Value Change | |
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| Values and Culture | |
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| Advocating Propositions of Value | |
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| Defining the Value Object | |
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| Identifying the Hierarchy | |
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| Specifying the Criteria | |
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| Measuring the Value Object | |
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| Argument in Action | |
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| Opposing Propositions of Value | |
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| Establishing Strategy | |
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| Examining Definitions and Hierarchy | |
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| Challenging the Criteria | |
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| Refuting the Measurement | |
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| Argument in Action | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| How Are Policy Propositions Argued? | |
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| Advocating Propositions of Policy | |
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| Advocacy of the First Stock Issue | |
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| Advocacy of the Second Stock Issue | |
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| Advocacy of the Third Stock Issue | |
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| Argument in Action | |
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| Opposing Propositions of Policy | |
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| Establish Strategy | |
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| Examine Definitions | |
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| Refute the Reason for Change | |
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| Refute the Consequences of Change | |
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| Offer a Counterproposal | |
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| Argument in Action | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| How Do I Present My Arguments to an Audience? | |
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| Audience Analysis | |
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| The General Audience | |
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| The Actual Audience | |
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| Language Choice and Style | |
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| Words as Symbols | |
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| The Elements of Style | |
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| Introductions, Transitions, and Conclusions | |
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| Delivery Techniques | |
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| Use of Voice | |
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| Use of Body | |
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| Use of Visual Aids | |
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| Building Credibility with an Audience | |
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| External Credibility | |
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| Internal Credibility | |
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| Managing Your Credibility | |
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| Suggested Supplementary Readings | |
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| References | |
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| What Are the Rules of the Game? | |
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| Debate Formats | |
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| Speaker Responsibilities | |
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| Burden of Clash | |
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| Cross-Examination | |
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| Flow Sheeting | |
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| How Do I Write an Argumentative Brief? | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |