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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Grammar? Grammar versus Usage | |
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| Descriptive Grammars | |
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| Grammatical Prototypes | |
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| Learning about Grammar | |
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| Aids to Learning about Language | |
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| Suggestions for Reading This Book | |
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| Varieties of English | |
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| Regional Dialects | |
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| Social Dialects | |
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| Standard American English | |
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| Styles | |
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| Second Language Acquisition | |
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| English in an International Context | |
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| The Morphology of English | |
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| Morphemes | |
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| Inflectional Morphemes | |
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| Functional Shift | |
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| Derivational Morphemes | |
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| Form Classes and Structure Classes | |
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| Form-Class Words | |
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| Form and Function | |
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| Nouns | |
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| Subclasses and Features | |
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| Verbs | |
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| Adjectives | |
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| Adverbs | |
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| Analyzing Form and Function | |
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| Structure-Class Words | |
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| Structure-Class versus Form-Class Words | |
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| Determiners | |
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| Auxiliaries | |
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| Qualifiers | |
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| Prepositions | |
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| Pronouns | |
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| Conjunctions | |
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| Relatives | |
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| Interrogatives | |
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| Phrases | |
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| Subjects and Predicates | |
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| Form and Function | |
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| Recognizing Phrase Types | |
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| The Main Verb Phrase | |
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| Five Basic Sentence Types | |
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| Binary Structure | |
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| Type I The Intransitive Type | |
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| Types II, III, and IV Linking (Copular) Types | |
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| Type V The Transitive Type | |
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| Basic Sentence Transformations | |
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| The Indirect Object Transformation | |
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| The Passive Transformation | |
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| Other Transformations | |
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| Negative Sentences | |
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| Interrogative Sentences | |
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| Imperative Sentences | |
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| Finite Verb Clauses, Part I: Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses | |
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| Sentence Varieties | |
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| Subordinate Clauses | |
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| Relative Clauses | |
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| Finite Verb Clauses, Part II: Nominal Clauses | |
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| That Clauses | |
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| Interrogative Clauses | |
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| Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses | |
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| Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part I: Infinitive Phrases | |
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| Infinitive Phrases | |
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| Functions of Infinitive Phrases | |
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| Differences between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases | |
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| Peripheral Cases Ought To | |
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| Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part II: Participle and Gerund Phrases | |
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| Present-Participle Phrases | |
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| Gerunds | |
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| Past-Participle Phrases | |
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| Nominative Absolutes | |
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| Stylistic Transformations and Sentence Analysis | |
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| Transitive Phrasal Verbs and the Particle Movement Transformation | |
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| The There Transformation | |
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| The Cleft Sentence Transformations | |
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| Appendix: The Sounds of American English | |
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| Consonants of English | |
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| Allophones | |
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| Vowels of English | |
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| American Pronunciation | |
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| Pronunciation and Spelling | |
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| Sound Changes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |