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How to Read a Primary Source | |
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Renaissances and Reformations | |
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Petrarch, Letters, 1352 and 1366/1367 | |
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Erasmus, Letter to a Friend, Julius excluded, and Introduction to the Gospels, first published 1522 | |
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Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, ca.1517? | |
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From Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (Mad Orlando), published 1516 | |
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Martin Luther, "Preface to the New Testament," first published 1522 | |
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Cellini, My Life, 1558-1563 | |
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Vasari, Lives of Artists, first published in 1550, revised and added to until 1568 | |
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The Last Crusades | |
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Bartolom� de las Casas, A Short Account, written 1542; published 1552 | |
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John Foxe, Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Trial of Anne Askew | |
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From Christopher Marlowe, The Massacre at Paris, ca.1593 | |
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Johannes Junius, Letter to His Daughter and Trial Transcript, 1628 | |
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Science Breaks Out and Breaks Through | |
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Galileo Galilei, Letter to Don Benedetto Castelli, December 21, 1613 | |
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John Donne, Sermon (December 12, 1626); "To His Mistress Going to Bed" (1633) | |
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Thomas Hobbes, "On Natural Law," Leviathan, 1651 | |
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Descartes, A Discourse on the Method, 1637 | |
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From Westphalia to Paris: Regimes Old and New | |
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Anne of France, Lessons for My Daughter (end 16th century) | |
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Cardinal Richelieu, "The Role of the King," Political Testament, ca.1638, first published 1688 | |
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Fran�ois F�nelon, The Adventures of Telemachus, 1699 | |
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Moli�re, The Misanthrope, first performed 1666 | |
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The Enlightened | |
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John Locke, "Of Tyranny," Two Treatises of Government, 1689 | |
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Rousseau, "A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality," 1755 | |
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Voltaire, Letter to Rousseau on the Latter's "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality," 1755 | |
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Adam Smith, "Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System," Wealth of Nations, 1776 | |
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Cesare Beccaria, "On Torture," Of Crimes and Punishments, 1764 | |
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The War against Absolutism | |
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Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790 | |
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Robespierre, Report on Principles of Public Morality, February 5, 1794 | |
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Napoleon, Letter to his Brother Jerome, November 15, 1807 | |
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Jakob Walter, Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier, written 1856, first published 1932 | |
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Daniel Defoe, Journal of the Plague Year, 1722 | |
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Industrialization and Its Discontents | |
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William Wordsworth, "Tintern Abbey," 1798; "The World Is too Much with Us," 1806 | |
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Thomas Carlyle, "Signs of the Times," 1829 | |
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Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, 1851 | |
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The Birth of Modern Politics | |
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Caroline Norton, "On the Infant Custody Bill," 1839; "On Divorce," 1855 | |
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Karl Marx, "First Premises of the Materialist Method," The German Ideology, 1846, first published 1932 | |
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Lajos Kossuth's Speech of the 11th July, 1848 | |
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Isabella Beeton, From Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, 1861 | |
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Nationalism and Identity | |
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Rifa'a al-Tahtawi, An Imam in Paris: Account of a Stay in Paris by an Egyptian Cleric, 1826-1831 | |
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Charles Trevelyan, The Irish Crisis, 1848 | |
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Matthew Arnold, Preamble; "On a Definition of Culture," Culture and Anarchy, 1867 | |
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Edward Augustus Freeman, Race and Language, 1879 | |
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Flora Annie Steel and Grace Gardiner, Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook, 1888 | |
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Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State, 1895 | |
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Rudyard Kipling, "The Barbarian," France at War, 1915 | |
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The God Problem | |
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Charles Lyell, From "On Extinct Quadrupeds," Principles of Geology, 1830-1833 | |
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Charles Darwin, "On Sociability," The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 1871 | |
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Abraham Geiger, "Moral and Legal Rules," Judaism and Islam, 1833 | |
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The Modern Woman | |
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Mary Wollstonecraft, "Dedication to Talleyrand," Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792 | |
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Caroline Norton, English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century, 1854 | |
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Maria Montessori, Education for a New World, 1946 | |
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Winnifred Cooley, "The Bachelor Maiden," The New Womanhood, 1904 | |
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The Great Land Grab | |
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Mark Twain, "King Leopold's Soliloquy," 1905 | |
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John A. Hobson, "Criticism of Imperialism," Imperialism, 1902 | |
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Winston Churchill, "The Battle of Omdurman," The River War, 1899 | |
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Presidential Address of Chitta Ranjan Das, Indian National Congress at Gaya, December 1922 | |
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From Nihilism to Modernism | |
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Oscar Wilde, "The Soul of Man under Socialism," 1891 | |
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Joris-Karl Huysmans, Against Nature (A rebours), 1884 | |
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Charles Baudelaire, "The Painter of Modern Life," 1863 | |
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Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, 1929 | |
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Wassily Kandinsky, On the Spiritual Element in Art, 1912 | |
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The World at War (Part I) | |
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Extracts from the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 | |
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Norman Angell, The Great Illusion, 1933 | |
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John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919 | |
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Robert Graves, Goodbye to All That, 1929 | |
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Ernst Junger, Storm of Steel, 1920 | |
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Radical Realignments | |
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Henry Ford, The International Jew, 1920 | |
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Paul Val�ry, A Crisis of the Mind, 1919 | |
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Oswald Spengler (1880-1936), The Decline of the West | |
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Friedrich Hayek, "Economic Control and Totalitarianism," 1944 | |
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The World at War (Part II) | |
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Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas, 1938 | |
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Aldous Huxley, An Encyclopaedia of Pacifism, 1937 | |
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Arthur Koesder, The God That Failed, 1949 | |
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Gustave Gilbert, Nuremburg Diary, 1947 | |
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The Theater of the Absurd | |
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Enoch Powell, "Rivers of Blood" Speech, 1968 | |
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Nikolai Novikov, On Post- War American Policy, 1946 | |
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Winston Churchill, "Iron Curtain" Speech, March 5, 1947 | |
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Ayatollah Khomeini, Message, 1980 | |
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Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, On Nuclear Defense, 1980s | |
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Something to Believe In | |
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Pope John XXIII, Pacem in Terris, 1963 | |
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Paul Tillich, Collective Guilt, 1943 | |
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Pope Paul VI, Humanae vitae, 1968 | |
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Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Sermon of January 21, 1934 | |
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Global Warmings | |
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Halid� Edib Adivar, Memoirs, 1926 and 1928 | |
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Luce Irigaray, From An Ethics of Sexual Difference, 1993 | |
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Francis Fukuyama, "Our Pessimism," 1992 | |
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Fatima Mernissi, "The Story of a Female Psychic," 1989 | |
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Hearts and Minds Going Forward | |
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Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 1996 | |
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'World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report, 2010 | |
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George W. Bush, Speech to Congress, September 20, 2001 | |
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Richard Rorty, Failed Prophecies, Glorious Hopes, 1998 | |