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| Preface | |
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| The Sociological Analysis of Sport in North American Society | |
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| An Overview of Sociology of Sport as a Field of Study | |
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| The Pervasiveness of Sport | |
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| The Discipline of Sociology | |
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| Assumptions of the Sociological Perspective | |
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| Thinking as a Sociologist: Sociological Imagination | |
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| Units of Sociological Analysis | |
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| Micro and Macro Levels and This Book | |
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| Sociological Theories: Contrasting Ways to See and Understand Social Life | |
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| Functionalism | |
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| Conflict Theory | |
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| Conflict/Cultural Social Theories | |
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| Interactionist Theory | |
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| Sociological Theories and Sociology of Sport: Our Position | |
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| Sport as a Microcosm of Society | |
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| Common Characteristics of Sport and Society | |
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| Levels of Sport | |
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| Informal Sport | |
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| Organized Sport | |
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| Corporate Sport | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Social and Cultural Transformations and the Rise of Sport in North America | |
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| Pre-Columbian and Colonial Traditions in North America | |
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| The Colonists Restrict Physical Activities | |
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| Early Nineteenth Century: Takeoff of Industrialization, Technology, and Organized Sport | |
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| Building a Framework for Organized Sport | |
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| The Technological Revolution and Sport | |
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| Latter Nineteenth Century: The Beginnings of Modern Sport | |
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| Urbanization and the Rise of Modern Sport Forms | |
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| Technological Innovation and Sport: Transportation | |
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| Technological Innovation and Sport: Communication | |
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| Technological Innovation and Equipment to Play Modern Sports | |
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| Other Technological Breakthroughs and Sport | |
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| The Cult of Manliness and Sport | |
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| Muscular Christianity and Intellectuals | |
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| Social Philosophy and Organized Sport | |
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| Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: The Modern World and Sport | |
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| The Maturing of Modern Sport | |
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| Twentieth-Century Technology and Sport: Transportation | |
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| The Technological Revolution and Sport: Communication | |
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| Other Technological Innovations and Sport | |
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| Sport in Education | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Sport and North American Culture and Values | |
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| Culture, Values, and Social Theories | |
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| The North American Value System | |
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| Individual Striving for Success | |
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| Competition: The Fundamental Social Process | |
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| The Socially Valued Means to Achieve | |
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| Progress Overcomes the Status Quo | |
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| Materialism: Acquisitions and Consumption | |
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| Social Conformity | |
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| North American Social Values and Sport | |
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| Competition and Success in Sport | |
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| The Valued Means to Achievement in Sport | |
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| Progress in Sport | |
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| Materialism in Sport | |
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| External Conformity in Sport | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Youth and Sport | |
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| Youth Sports Programs: Something for Everyone | |
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| The Rise of Youth Sports Programs: The Takeoff and Expansion of a New Form of Sport | |
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| Objectives of Youth Sports Programs | |
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| What Do Young Athletes, Their Parents, and Coaches Want from Sports? | |
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| Socialization and Sport: Involvement in Sport and Its Consequences | |
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| Socialization into Sport: Why Do Children Become Involved in Organized Sports? | |
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| Families | |
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| Parents | |
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| Siblings | |
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| Peers | |
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| Coaches | |
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| Schools | |
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| Mass Media | |
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| Participants: Youth Athletes | |
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| Socialization via Sport: Process and Outcomes | |
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| Two Forms of Play: Peer Group and Adult-Organized | |
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| Development of Personal-Social Attributes Through Sport | |
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| Youth Orientation Toward Sport | |
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| Sportsmanship in Youth Sports | |
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| Character Development in Youth Sports | |
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| Potential Psychosocial Problems in Youth Sports | |
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| Adult Intrusion in Youth Sports | |
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| Disruption of Education | |
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| Risk of Injury | |
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| The "Winning Is the Only Thing" Ethic and Youth Sports | |
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| Sports Alternatives for the Young Athlete | |
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| Emphasizing Personal Growth and Self-Actualization | |
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| Alternative Sports | |
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| Cooperative Games | |
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| Youth Sports Coaches | |
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| Bill of Rights for Young Athletes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Interscholastic Sport | |
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| The Role of High Schools: Differing Interpretations | |
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| The Status of Sport in Secondary Schools | |
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| The Consequences of Sport for Schools, Communities, and Individuals | |
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| The Consequences of Sport for the High School | |
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| The Consequences of Sport for the Community | |
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| The Consequences of Sport for Participants | |
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| Problems, Dilemmas, and Controversies | |
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| The Subversion of Educational Goals | |
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| The Reinforcement of Gender Roles | |
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| Cheating | |
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| Unsportsmanlike Behavior of Fans | |
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| Autocratic Coaches | |
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| Excessive Pressures to Win | |
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| Elitism | |
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| Sport Specialization | |
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| Budget Shortfalls | |
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| Corporate High School Sport Programs | |
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| Efforts to Reform High School Sports | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Intercollegiate Sport | |
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| Beginning and Development of College Sports | |
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| Student-Centered College Sport Remains | |
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| College Sport as Big Business | |
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| Functionalism and Big-Time College Sports | |
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| Beliefs and Reality About Big-Time Sport Functions | |
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| Further Consequences of the Commercial Orientation of Big-Time College Sports | |
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| A Contradiction: Athletes as Amateurs in a Big-Business Environment | |
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| The NCAA and Student-Athletes | |
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| The Enforcement of "Amateurism" | |
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| The Restriction of Athletes' Rights | |
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| Educational Performance and Student-Athletes | |
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| Academic Predictions for Student-Athletes at College | |
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| Academic Achievement and College Athletes | |
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| Graduation Rates and Student-Athletes | |
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| The Impediments to Scholarly Achievement by College Athletes | |
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| Reform Initiatives and Intercollegiate Sports | |
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| The Administration of Intercollegiate Sports | |
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| Emphasizing the Education of Student-Athletes | |
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| Commitment to Athletes' Rights | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Social Problems and North American Sport: Violence, Substance Abuse, Eating Disorders, and Gambling | |
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| Overview of Social Problems in Sport | |
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| Social Theories and Social Problems | |
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| Examples of Recent Social Problems in Sport | |
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| Violence in North American Society | |
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| Violence in Historical Context | |
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| Contemporary Violence in North America | |
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| Violence in Sport: Terminology, Theories | |
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| Is It Violence or Aggression ? Confusion in the Literature | |
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| Theories About the Connection Between Violent Behavior and Sport | |
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| Aggression Theories and Research on Sports | |
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| Violence in North American Sport | |
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| Violence as Part of North American Sports | |
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| Fostering and Supporting Player Violence | |
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| Violent Behavior of Athletes in Their Personal Lives | |
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| Sources for Violence by Male Athletes in Their Private Lives | |
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| Athletes' Violence Against Teammates: Hazing | |
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| Sports Fans: Violent and Abusive Actions | |
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| Substance Abuse and Sport | |
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| Substance Abuse Not New to Sports | |
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| The Scope of Current Substance Abuse in Sport | |
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| Anabolic Steroids: Promises Big and Strong | |
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| Sports Anti-Doping Programs in North America | |
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| Social/Cultural Influences and Substance Abuse Among Athletes | |
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| Can Substance Abuse in Sports Be Reduced, Even Prevented? | |
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| Eating Disorders in Sport | |
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| Gambling and Sports | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Sport and Religion | |
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| The Relationship Between Religion and Society | |
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| Personal and Social Roles of Religion | |
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| The Relationship Between Religion and Sport | |
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| Ancient Greece: Creators of Organized Sports Events | |
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| The Early Christian Church and Roman Sport Spectacles | |
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| Pre-Columbian Societies: Sport in the Americas | |
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| Reformation and Protestantism in the North American Colonies | |
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| Religious Objections to Sport Declined in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Religion and Sport Conciliation | |
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| Sport as Religion | |
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| Similarities Between Sport and Religion | |
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| Critical Views About Sport-as-Religion | |
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| Religion Uses Sport | |
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| Churches | |
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| Religious Leaders Embrace Sport | |
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| Church Colleges and Universities | |
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| Religious Organizations and Sports | |
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| The Fellowship of Christian Athletes | |
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| Religion and Professional Sports Organizations | |
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| Sport and Religion Publications | |
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| Missionary Work of Churches and Sport | |
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| Religious Evangelizing by Athletes and Coaches | |
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| The Promise Keepers: Patriarchy, Gender, and Sexuality | |
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| Sportianity Confronting Social Issues | |
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| Value Orientations of Religion and Sport | |
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| The Protestant Ethic and Sports | |
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| Protestantism and Contemporary Sport | |
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| Sport Uses Religion | |
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| The Use of Prayer and Divine Intervention | |
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| The Use of Magic | |
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| Magic and Its Uses in Sports | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Sport and Politics | |
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| Politics as a Social Institution | |
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| Social Theories and Politics | |
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| Intertwining of Politics and Sports | |
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| The Political Uses of Sport | |
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| Sport as a Vehicle for Propaganda | |
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| Sport and Nationalism | |
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| Sport as an Opiate of the Masses | |
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| The Exploitation of Sport by Politicians | |
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| Sport as a Vehicle of Change in Society | |
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| Globalization and Sport | |
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| The Political Olympic Games | |
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| Political Problems and the Olympic Movement | |
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| A Proposal for Change | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Sport and the Economy | |
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| Professional Sport as a Business | |
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| Social Theories and the Economy | |
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| Professional Sport as a Monopoly | |
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| Public Subsidization of Professional Team Franchises | |
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| Ownership for Profit | |
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| A Radical Question: Are Owners Necessary? | |
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| Who Benefits Economically from Sports? | |
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| Professional Athletes' Earnings | |
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| Auxiliary Professions and Occupations in Sport | |
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| Sport-Related Businesses | |
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| Corporate Advertising in Sport | |
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| The Relationship Between Owners and Athletes | |
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| The Draft and the Reserve Clause | |
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| Professional Team Sport Athletes Fight for Free Agency | |
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| Amateur Sport as a Business | |
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| The Ambiguous Case: Intercollegiate Sports and Amateurism | |
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| The Economics of Collegiate Sport | |
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| Summary | |
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| Web Resources | |
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| Notes | |