| |
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| List of Boxes | |
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| Preface | |
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| New to This Edition | |
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| Pedagogical Aids | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Focus and Development | |
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| The Urban World | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Process of Urbanization | |
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| Urban Growth | |
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| Megacities | |
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| The Urban Explosion | |
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| Defining Urban Areas | |
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| Urbanization and Urbanism | |
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| Urbanization | |
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| Urbanism | |
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| Organizing the Study of Urban Life | |
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| Concepts of the City | |
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| Urban Change and Confusion | |
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| Rural Simplicity versus Urban Complexity | |
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| Early Social Theories and Urban Change | |
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| European Theorists | |
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| The Chicago School | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| The Emergence of Cities | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Ecological Complex | |
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| Political Economy Models | |
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| First Settlements | |
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| Agricultural Revolution | |
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| Population Expansion | |
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| Mesoamerica | |
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| Interactions of Population, Organization, Environment, and Technology | |
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| City Populations | |
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| Evolution in Social Organization | |
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| Division of Labor | |
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| Kingship and Social Class | |
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| Technological and Social Evolution | |
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| Urban Revolution | |
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| Survival of the City | |
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| The Hellenic City | |
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| Social Invention | |
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| Physical Design and Planning | |
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| Population | |
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| Diffusion of People and Ideas | |
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| Rome | |
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| Size and Number of Cities | |
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| Housing and Planning | |
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| Transportation | |
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| Life and Leisure | |
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| European Urbanization until the Industrial City | |
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| The Medieval Feudal System | |
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| Town Revival | |
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| Characteristics of Towns | |
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| Plague | |
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| Renaissance Cities | |
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| Industrial Cities | |
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| Technological Improvements and the Industrial Revolution | |
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| The Second Urban Revolution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| American Urbanization | |
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| The Rise of Urban America | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Colonists as Town Builders | |
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| Major Settlements | |
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| New England | |
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| The Middle Colonies | |
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| The South | |
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| Canada | |
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| Colonial Urban Influence | |
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| Cities of the New Nation 1790-1860 | |
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| Rapid Growth | |
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| Marketplace Centers | |
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| The Industrial City: 1860-1950 | |
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| Technological Developments | |
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| Spatial Concentration | |
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| Twentieth-Century Dispersion | |
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| Political Life | |
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| Corruption and Urban Services | |
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| Political Bosses | |
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| Immigrants' Problems | |
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| Reform Movements | |
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| Urban Imagery | |
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| Ambivalence | |
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| Myth of Rural Virtue | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Ecology and Political Economy Perspectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Development of Urban Ecology | |
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| Invasion and Succession | |
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| Criticisms of Ecology | |
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| Role of Culture | |
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| Burgess's Growth Hypothesis | |
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| Concentric Zones | |
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| Limitations | |
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| Sector and Multiple-Nuclei Models | |
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| Urban Growth Outside North America | |
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| The Postmodern City: The Los Angeles School | |
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| Political Economy Models | |
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| Political Economy Assumptions | |
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| Examples of the Political Economy Approach | |
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| The Baltimore Study | |
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| Urban Growth Machines | |
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| World Systems Theory and Globalization | |
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| Challenges | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Metro and Edge City Growth | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Metropolitan Growth | |
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| In-Movement 1900 to 1950 | |
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| Out-Movement 1950 into the 21st Century | |
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| Commuting and Communication | |
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| Canadian Urban Regions | |
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| Postindustrial Central Cities | |
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| Edge Cities | |
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| Edgeless and Private Edge Cities | |
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| Boomburgs | |
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| Suburban Business Growth | |
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| Malling of the Land | |
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| Malls and "Street Safety" | |
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| Nonmetropolitan Growth | |
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| Diffuse Growth | |
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| National Society | |
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| The Rise of the Sunbelt | |
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| Population and Economic Shifts | |
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| Regional Consequences | |
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| Sunbelt Problems | |
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| Movement to the Coasts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| The Suburban Era | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Suburban Dominance | |
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| Emergence of Suburbs | |
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| The 19th Century | |
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| Electric Streetcar Era: 1890-1920 | |
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| Annexation | |
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| Automobile Suburbs: 1920-1950 | |
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| Mass Suburbanization: 1950-1990 | |
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| Metro Sprawl: 1990-2010 | |
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| Causes of Suburban Growth | |
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| Postwar Exodus | |
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| Non-Reasons | |
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| Contemporary Suburbia | |
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| Categories of Suburbs | |
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| Persistence of Characteristics? | |
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| Ethnic and Religious Variation | |
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| High-Income Suburbs | |
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| Gated Communities | |
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| Common-Interest Developments | |
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| Working-Class Suburbs | |
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| Commercial Definitions | |
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| Exurbs | |
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| Rurban Areas | |
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| Characteristics of Suburbanites | |
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| Suburban Poverty | |
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| The Myth of Suburbia | |
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| Minority Suburbanization | |
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| Suburban Diversity | |
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| Black Flight | |
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| Integration or Resegregation? | |
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| Latino Suburbanization | |
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| Asian Suburbanites | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Metropolitan Life | |
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| Urban Culture and Lifestyles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Social Psychology of Urban Life | |
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| Early Formulations | |
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| The Chicago School | |
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| "Urbanism as a Way of Life" | |
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| Reevaluation of Urbanism and Social Disorganization | |
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| Determinist Theory | |
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| Compositional Theory | |
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| Subcultural Theory | |
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| Characteristics of Urban Populations | |
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| Age | |
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| Gender | |
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| Race, Ethnicity, and Religion | |
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| Socioeconomic Status | |
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| Urban Lifestyles | |
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| Cosmopolites | |
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| Unmarried or Childless | |
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| Gay Households | |
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| Ethnic Villagers | |
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| Neighborhood Characteristics | |
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| Deprived or Trapped | |
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| A Final Note of Caution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| The Social Environment of Metro Areas: Strangers, Crowding, Homelessness, and Crime | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dealing with Strangers | |
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| Codes of Urban Behavior | |
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| Neighboring | |
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| Neighbors and Just Neighbors | |
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| Defining Community | |
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| Categories of Local Communities | |
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| Density and Crowding | |
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| Crowding Research | |
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| Practical Implications | |
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| Homelessness | |
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| Characteristics of the Homeless | |
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| Social Problems | |
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| Disappearing SRO Housing | |
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| Urban Crime | |
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| Crime and Perceptions of Crime | |
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| Broken Windows Theory | |
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| Crime and City Size | |
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| Crime and Male Youth | |
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| Crime and Race | |
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| Crime Variations within Cities | |
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| Crime in the Suburbs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Diversity: Women, Ethnics, and African Americans | |
| |
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| Introduction | |
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| Women in Metropolitan Life | |
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| Female Domesticity | |
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| Gendered Organization of Residential Space | |
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| Feminist Housing Preferences | |
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| Cohousing and Downsizing | |
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| Current Housing Choices | |
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| Gendered Public Spaces | |
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| Workplace Changes | |
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| White Ethnic Groups | |
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| Immigration | |
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| First-Wave Immigrants | |
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| Second-Wave Immigrants | |
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| Third-Wave Immigrants | |
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| "Racial Inferiority" and Immigration | |
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| African Americans | |
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| Historical Patterns | |
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| Population Changes | |
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| Slavery in Cities | |
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| "Free Persons of Color" | |
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| Jim Crow Laws | |
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| "The Great Migration" | |
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| Moving South | |
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| Urban Segregation Patterns | |
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| Extent of Segregation | |
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| Housing Discrimination | |
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| 21st-Century Diversity | |
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| The Economically Successful | |
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| The Disadvantaged | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| |
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| Diversity: Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans | |
| |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fourth-Wave Immigrants | |
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| Recent Immigration Impact on Cities | |
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| Melting Pot or Cultural Pluralism | |
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| Latino Population | |
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| Legal Status | |
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| Growth | |
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| Diversity | |
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| Mexican Americans | |
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| Mexican Diversity | |
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| Education | |
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| Urbanization | |
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| Housing and Other Patterns | |
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| Political Involvement | |
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| Puerto Ricans | |
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| Asian Americans | |
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| A "Model Minority"? | |
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| Asian Residential Segregation | |
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| The Case of Japanese Americans | |
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| The Internment Camps | |
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| Japanese Americans Today | |
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| Native Americans | |
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| Nonurban Orientation | |
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| Movement to Cities | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| |
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| Metro Issues, Housing, Sprawl, and Planning | |
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| |
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| Cities and Change | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
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| |
| The Urban Crisis: Thesis | |
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| Urban Revival: Antithesis | |
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| A Political Economy Look at the Urban Crisis | |
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| 21st-century City Developments | |
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| New Patterns | |
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| Central Business Districts | |
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| Mismatch Hypothesis | |
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| Downtown Housing | |
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| Fiscal Health | |
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| Crumbling Infrastructure | |
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| Neighborhood Revival | |
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| Gentrification | |
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| Government and Revitalization | |
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| Who Is Gentrifying? | |
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| Why Is Gentrification Taking Place? | |
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| Displacement of the Poor | |
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| Decline of Middle-Income Neighborhoods | |
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| Successful Working-Class Revival | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| |
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| Housing Policies, Sprawl, and Smart Growth | |
| |
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| Introduction | |
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| Housing in the 21st Century | |
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| Mobility | |
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| Housing Costs | |
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| Changing Households | |
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| Changing Federal Role | |
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| Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Programs | |
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| Subsidizing Segregation | |
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| Upper- and Middle-Class Housing Subsidies | |
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| Urban Redevelopment Policies | |
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| Critique of Urban Renewal | |
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| Phasing Out Public Housing | |
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| Urban Homesteading | |
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| Rent Vouchers: Section 8 | |
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| HOPE VI Projects | |
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| Tax Credits | |
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| Designing for Safety | |
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| Growth Control | |
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| Suburban Sprawl | |
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| Auto-Driven Sprawl | |
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| Amount of Sprawl | |
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| Costs and Consequences | |
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| Smart Growth | |
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| Advantages | |
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| Legislation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Planning, New Towns, and New Urbanism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ancient Greece and Rome | |
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| Renaissance and Later Developments | |
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| American Planning | |
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| Washington, D.C. | |
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| 19th-Century Towns | |
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| Early Planned Communities | |
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| Parks | |
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| The City Beautiful Movement | |
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| Tenement Reform | |
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| 20th-century Patterns | |
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| The City Efficient | |
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| Zoning and Beyond | |
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| Master Plans to Equity Planning | |
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| Crime Prevention through Environmental Design | |
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| European Planning | |
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| Planning and Control of Land | |
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| Housing Priorities | |
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| Transportation | |
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| Urban Growth Policies | |
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| The Dutch Approach | |
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| New Towns | |
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| British New Towns | |
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| New Towns in Europe | |
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| American New Towns | |
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| Public-Built New Towns | |
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| Federal Support for New Towns | |
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| Private New Towns: Reston, Columbia, and Irving | |
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| Research Parks | |
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| New Urbanism or Traditional Neighborhood Developments | |
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| Celebration | |
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| Creating Community | |
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| Limitations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| |
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| Worldwide Urbanization | |
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| |
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| Developing Countries | |
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| Introduction: The Urban Explosion | |
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| Megacities | |
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| Plan of Organization | |
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| Common or Divergent Paths? | |
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| Developing-Country Increases | |
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| Rich Countries and Poor Countries | |
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| Global Cities | |
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| Characteristics of Third World Cities | |
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| Youthful Age Structure | |
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| Multinationals | |
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| The Informal Economy | |
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| Squatter Settlements | |
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| Primate Cities | |
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| Overurbanization? | |
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| The 21st Century | |
| |
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| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asian Urban Patterns | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
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| Asian Cities | |
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| Indigenous Cities | |
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| Colonial Background Cities | |
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| India | |
| |
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| Mumbai (Bombay) | |
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| Kolkata (Calcutta) | |
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| Prognosis | |
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| China | |
| |
| |
| Treaty Ports | |
| |
| |
| Urbanization Policies | |
| |
| |
| Forced Movement from Cities | |
| |
| |
| Rural to Urban Migration | |
| |
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| Economic Boom | |
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| Shanghai | |
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| Beijing | |
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| Hong Kong | |
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| |
| Japan | |
| |
| |
| Extent of Urbanization | |
| |
| |
| Current Patterns | |
| |
| |
| Tokyo | |
| |
| |
| Planning | |
| |
| |
| Planned New Towns | |
| |
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| Suburbanization | |
| |
| |
| Southeast Asia | |
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| General Patterns | |
| |
| |
| Singapore | |
| |
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| Other Cities | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| African and Latin American Urbanization | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Africa | |
| |
| |
| Challenges | |
| |
| |
| Responses | |
| |
| |
| Regional Variations | |
| |
| |
| Urban Development | |
| |
| |
| Early Cities | |
| |
| |
| Colonial Period | |
| |
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| Indigenous African Cities | |
| |
| |
| Contemporary Patterns | |
| |
| |
| Social Composition of African Cities | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic and Tribal Bonds | |
| |
| |
| Status of Women | |
| |
| |
| Differences from the Western Pattern | |
| |
| |
| Latin America: An Urban Continent | |
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| |
| Spanish Colonial Cities | |
| |
| |
| Colonial Organization | |
| |
| |
| Physical Structure | |
| |
| |
| Recent Developments | |
| |
| |
| Urban Growth | |
| |
| |
| Economic Change | |
| |
| |
| Urban Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Crime | |
| |
| |
| Shantytowns | |
| |
| |
| Future of Settlements | |
| |
| |
| Maquiladoras | |
| |
| |
| Myth of Marginality | |
| |
| |
| A Success Story | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: Toward the Urban Future | |
| |
| |
| Recapitulation | |
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| |
| Urban Concentration | |
| |
| |
| Deconcentration | |
| |
| |
| Issues and Challenges | |
| |
| |
| Urban Funding | |
| |
| |
| People versus Places | |
| |
| |
| Changing Metropolitan Population | |
| |
| |
| Suburban Development | |
| |
| |
| Social Planning Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Three Approaches to Social Planning | |
| |
| |
| Social Planning and Technology | |
| |
| |
| Planning for the Future City | |
| |
| |
| Planned Utopias | |
| |
| |
| Las Vegas | |
| |
| |
| Quality-of-Life Planning | |
| |
| |
| Smart Cities | |
| |
| |
| Planning Metropolitan Political Systems | |
| |
| |
| A Working City | |
| |
| |
| Toward a Metropolitan Future | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Name Index | |
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| |
| Subject Index | |
| |
| |
| About the Author | |