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Preface | |
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Moral Reasoning | |
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Ethics and the Moral Domain | |
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Ethics, Law, and Religion | |
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Moral Relativism | |
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Moral Arguments | |
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Argument Basics | |
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The Structure of Moral Arguments | |
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Evaluating Moral Premises | |
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Reading and Evaluating Arguments | |
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Argument Exercises | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary | |
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Readings | |
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The Ring of Gyges | |
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The Case Against Moral Relativism | |
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Can Ethics Provide Answers? | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Moral Theories | |
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Why Moral Theories? | |
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Important Moral Theories | |
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Utilitarianism | |
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Ethical Egoism | |
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Kantian Ethics | |
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Natural Law Theory | |
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Rawls's Contractarianism | |
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Virtue Ethics | |
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The Ethics of Care | |
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Feminist Ethics | |
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Judging Moral Theories | |
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The Moral Criteria of Adequacy | |
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Applying the Criteria | |
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Utilitarianism | |
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Kant's Theory | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary | |
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Readings | |
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Utilitarianism | |
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Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals | |
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Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics | |
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A Theory of Justice | |
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The Need for More Than Justice | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Abortion | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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Warren's Personhood Argument for Abortion | |
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On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion | |
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The Being in the Womb Is a Person | |
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Abortion: A Defense of the Personhood Argument | |
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Why Abortion Is Immoral | |
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Noonan's Personhood-at-Conception Argument Against Abortion | |
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An Almost Absolute Value in History | |
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In Defense of Abortion and Infanticide | |
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The Scope of the Prohibition Against Killing | |
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Thomson's Self-Defense Argument for Abortion | |
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A Defense of Abortion | |
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Arguments from Bodily-Rights: A Critical Analysis | |
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Virtue Theory and Abortion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Drugs and Autonomy | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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The Harm Argument Against Drug Use | |
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Against the Legalization of Drugs | |
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A Moral Right to Use Drugs | |
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The Argument Against Paternalism | |
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Paternalism | |
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What Libertarianism Is | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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The Autonomy Argument for Euthanasia | |
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The Philosophers' Brief | |
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When Self-Determination Runs Amok | |
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When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok | |
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The Killing/Letting Die Argument | |
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Active and Passive Euthanasia | |
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Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? | |
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The Slippery-Slope Argument Against Euthanasia | |
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Why Doctors Must Not Kill | |
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Voluntary Active Euthanasia | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Genetic Engineering and Cloning | |
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Gene Therapy | |
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Reproductive Cloning | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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The Beneficence Argument for Genetic Enhancement | |
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Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics? | |
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Genetic Enhancement | |
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The Open-Future Argument Against Cloning | |
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Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con | |
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A Life in the Shadow: One Reason Why We Should Not Clone Humans | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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The Death Penalty | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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Kant's Retributivism Argument for the Death Penalty | |
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The Right of Punishing | |
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A Life for a Life | |
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An Eye for an Eye? | |
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Capital Attrition: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995 | |
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The Discrimination Argument Against the Death Penalty | |
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Administrative Objections | |
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Capital Punishment and the Legacy of Racial Bias in America | |
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The Deterrence Argument for the Death Penalty | |
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On Deterrence and the Death Penalty | |
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Capital Punishment and Social Defense | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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War, Terrorism, and Torture | |
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War | |
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Terrorism | |
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Torture | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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The Pacifist Argument Against War | |
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Pacifism | |
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Pacifism: A Philosophical Analysis | |
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The Self-Defense Argument for War | |
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The Legalist Paradigm | |
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When War Is Unjust: Being Honest in Just-War Thinking | |
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The Just War Argument Against Terrorism | |
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The Morality of Terrorism | |
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Terrorism: A Critique of Excuses | |
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Can Terrorism Be Justified? | |
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The Ticking Bomb Argument for Torture | |
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The Case for Torturing the Ticking Bomb Terrorist | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Pornography and Free Speech | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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The Liberty Argument Against Censorship | |
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On Liberty | |
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Hate Speech and Pornography: Do We Have to Choose Between Freedom of Speech and Equality? | |
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Pornography, Oppression, and Freedom | |
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Sticks and Stones | |
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MacKinnon's Harm-to-Women Argument for Censorship | |
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Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech | |
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Women and Pornography | |
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Feminists Against the First Amendment | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Economic Justice: Health Care | |
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System Failures | |
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What Is Just? | |
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A Right to Health Care | |
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Rationing | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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Daniels's Argument for a Right to Health Care | |
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Is There a Right to Health Care and, if so, What Does It Encompass? | |
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The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care | |
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The Argument for Rationing by Moral Worthiness | |
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Fault and the Allocation of Spare Organs | |
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Alcoholics and Liver Transplantation | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Animal Rights and Environmental Duty | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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Singer's "All Animals Are Equal" Argument | |
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All Animals Are Equal | |
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The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research | |
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Our Duties to Animals | |
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Regan's Argument for Animal Rights | |
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The Case for Animal Rights | |
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The Rights of the Nonhuman World | |
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The Moral Status of Animals | |
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The Suffering Argument for Vegetarianism | |
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The Moral Argument for Vegetarianism | |
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Moral Vegetarianism and the Argument from Pain and Suffering | |
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Taylor's Argument for the Equality of All Life | |
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The Ethics of Respect for Nature | |
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Are All Species Equal? | |
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Reverence for Life | |
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People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Economic Justice and Global Obligations | |
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Key Terms | |
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Arguments and Readings | |
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Hardin's Lifeboat Argument Against Aiding the Poor | |
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Living on a Lifeboat | |
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A Critique of Lifeboat Ethics | |
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Singer's Utilitarian Argument for Aiding the Poor | |
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Famine, Affluence, and Morality | |
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World Hunger and Population | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |