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| Maps | |
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| Preface | |
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| America, Iberia, and Africa Before the Conquest | |
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| Amerindian Civilizations on the Eve of European Conquest | |
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| The Iberian World in the Late Fifteenth Century | |
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| Atlantic Africa in the Fifteenth Century | |
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| First Encounters in the New World | |
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| The Age of Conquest | |
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| The Conquest of Mexico | |
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| The Conquest of Peru | |
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| The Ebb Tide of Conquest | |
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| Black Participation in the Age of Conquest | |
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| Conundrums and the Columbian Exchange | |
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| Ruling New World Empires | |
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| Imperial Organization and Administration | |
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| The Colonial Church | |
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| Population and Labor | |
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| Changes in the Colonial Population | |
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| Indian Labor | |
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| Slavery and the Slave Trade | |
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| Chapters Production, Exchange, and Defense | |
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| The Mining and Sugar Industries | |
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| International Trade and Taxation | |
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| Defense | |
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| The Colonial Economy | |
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| The Social Economy | |
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| Evolution of Colonial Societies | |
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| The Elites | |
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| Urban and Rural Middle Groups | |
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| The Broad Base of Colonial Society | |
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| The Family and Society | |
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| Family: The Foundation of Colonial Society | |
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| Women in Colonial Societies and Economies | |
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| The Culture of Honor | |
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| Living in an Empire | |
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| Colonial Settings | |
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| Daily Life in the Colonies | |
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| The Cultural Milieu | |
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| Imperial Expansion | |
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| The Spanish Colonies: .From the War of Succession to the Loss of Havana | |
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| Brazil in the Age of Expansion | |
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| The Era of Caroline Reforms | |
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| New Spain and Peru | |
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| The Emergence of the Periphery in Spanish America | |
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| Crisis and Political Revolution | |
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| The World Turned Upside Down | |
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| An Era of War and Crisis for Spain and Portugal | |
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| Governments of Resistance and Political Revolution, 1808-12 | |
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| From Empire to Independence | |
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| Ferdinand and the Failure of Absolutism | |
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| Independence in Spanish America | |
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| Portugal and Brazil in an Era of Revolution | |
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| Cuba: The "Ever Faithful Isle" | |
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| Spain After the Loss of the Mainland Empire | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| The Economy | |
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| Government and Political Life | |
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| Social Change | |
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| A Note on Periodical Literature and Suggested Readings | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Illustration Sources and Credits | |
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| Monarchs of Spain and Portugal | |
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| Index | |