| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Microbiome Working Group Participants | |
| |
| |
| Introduction: Looking Back and Looking Forward | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Project Collaborators | |
| |
| |
| Our Method | |
| |
| |
| The Scope of this Volume | |
| |
| |
| Reading this Book | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Human Microbiome: Science, History, and Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Microorganisms in the Environment | |
| |
| |
| The Use of Microorganisms in Industry and Food Production | |
| |
| |
| The History of Microorganisms in Human Health and Disease | |
| |
| |
| The Human Microbiome | |
| |
| |
| Human Microbiome Project and the National Institutes of Health | |
| |
| |
| Research Tools and Methods | |
| |
| |
| Acquisition of the Microbiome | |
| |
| |
| Interactions Between the Microbiome and the Host Genome | |
| |
| |
| Manipulating the Microbiome for Medical Purposes | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personal Identity: Our Microbes, Ourselves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Personal Identity over Time | |
| |
| |
| The Human Microbiome and Numerical Identity | |
| |
| |
| The Human Microbiome and Conceptions of Self | |
| |
| |
| The Impact of Science on Commonsense Conceptions of Self | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Policy Recommendations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Property and Research on the Human Microbiome | |
| |
| |
| |
| Four Controversial Cases | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Ownership and Property in Philosophy | |
| |
| |
| Ownership and Property in the Social Sciences | |
| |
| |
| Ownership and Property in the Context of Biomedical Research | |
| |
| |
| Current Property Structures and Research on the Human Microbiome | |
| |
| |
| Patents | |
| |
| |
| Copyrights | |
| |
| |
| Property Rights and Biological Samples | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Policy Recommendations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Privacy, Confidentiality, and New Ways of Knowing More | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Philosophical Approaches to Privacy | |
| |
| |
| Confidentiality | |
| |
| |
| Legislations to Protect Medical and Research Information | |
| |
| |
| Data Sharing | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Policy Recommendations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Research Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Landscape of Microbiome Research | |
| |
| |
| Historical Development of Research Ethics Regulation and Guidelines | |
| |
| |
| Research Ethics and Human Microbiome Research | |
| |
| |
| Critical Reflections on the U.S. Framework for Human Subject Research | |
| |
| |
| Implications for the Conduct of Human Subject Microbiome Research | |
| |
| |
| Research and Regulation of Probiotics and Phages | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Policy Recommendations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biobanks and the Human Microbiome | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| What Is a Biobank? | |
| |
| |
| Human Microbiome Biobanks | |
| |
| |
| Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Human Microbiome Biobanks | |
| |
| |
| International Biobanks | |
| |
| |
| Community Consultation: A Reasonable Approach to Participatory Research | |
| |
| |
| Discrimination and Other Issues | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Policy Recommendations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Public Health and Research on Populations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microbes and Public Health | |
| |
| |
| Public Health, Liberty, and Privacy | |
| |
| |
| Public Health Functions | |
| |
| |
| Public Health Agency Powers | |
| |
| |
| Public Health Methods | |
| |
| |
| Research Regulations and Public Health Data Gathering | |
| |
| |
| Quality Assurance, Quality Improvement, and Surveillance | |
| |
| |
| De Minimis Risk: A Proposal for a New Category of Research Risk | |
| |
| |
| Additional Factors in the Ethical Conduct of Population Studies | |
| |
| |
| Prevention and Education | |
| |
| |
| Cautions for Public Health Policymakers | |
| |
| |
| Coda: Further Philosophical Reflections on Public Health and the Microbiome | |
| |
| |
| Policy Recommendations | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Index | |