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Each Chapter ends with a Summary | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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About the Authors | |
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Police in a Democracy | |
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Policing a Free Society | |
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Police and Government | |
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Police and Rule of Law | |
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Police, Terrorism, and Homeland Security | |
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Police Systems | |
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The U.S. Police System | |
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Other Types of Law Enforcement Agencies | |
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Similarities and Differences | |
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Police Role and Purpose | |
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Law Enforcement or Politics? | |
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Crime Fighting or Social Service? | |
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Proactive or Reactive? | |
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Police Activities and Workload | |
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Police Goals and Strategies | |
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Looking Ahead | |
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Police History | |
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Foundations of Policing | |
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Early Policing | |
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Policing in Nineteenth-Century England | |
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The Emergence of Modern Policing in the United States | |
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The First City Police Forces | |
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The County Sheriff | |
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Vigilance Committees | |
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Modern American Policing | |
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The Political Era | |
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Police Development | |
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Criticism in the Political Era | |
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The Reform Era | |
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Minority Perspective on the Development of American Police | |
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State Police | |
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Texas and Massachusetts | |
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Pennsylvania | |
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Highway Patrol | |
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Federal Law Enforcement | |
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The Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Marshal Service | |
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Postal Inspectors | |
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation | |
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Legal Issues | |
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Criminal Procedure | |
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Searches and Seizures or Persons | |
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Searches and Seizures of Property | |
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Interrogations and Confessions | |
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Civil Liability | |
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Costs of Liability in Policing | |
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Avenues of Liability | |
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Civil Liability in State Courts | |
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Civil Liability in Federal Courts | |
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Emerging Liability Issues for the Twenty-First Century | |
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Use of Force | |
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Impact on Officers | |
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Community Policing | |
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Evolving Strategies of Policing | |
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Early Forms of Community Policing | |
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Police-Community Relations | |
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Crime Prevention | |
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Team Policing | |
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Foot Patrol and Broken Windows | |
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Community Policing | |
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Elements of Community Policing | |
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The Philosophical Dimension | |
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The Strategic Dimension | |
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The Tactical Dimension | |
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Implementing Community Policing | |
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Positive Indications | |
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Questions and Doubts | |
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Evaluating Community Policing | |
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Community Policing Today | |
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Police Management | |
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The Managerial Process | |
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The Development of Police Management | |
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Classical Police Management | |
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Behavioral Police Management | |
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Contemporary Police Management | |
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Organizational Design | |
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Restructuring and Community Policing | |
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Implementation: Fact or Fiction? | |
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Criticisms of the Paramilitary Design | |
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Increasing Influence of Police Paramilitary Units | |
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Broken Windows and Zero-Tolerance Policing | |
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Compstat, Police Legitimacy, and Procedural Justice | |
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Police Goals and Organizational Performance | |
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Impact of Supervisory Styles on Officer Behavior | |
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Measuring Police Performance | |
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Changing Performance Measures | |
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Organization and Change | |
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The Change Process | |
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Resistance to Change | |
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Overcoming Resistance to Change | |
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The Madison Experience | |
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Laying the Foundation | |
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Key Elements to Change | |
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Results from Madison | |
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The Chicago Experience | |
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Laying the Foundation | |
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Key Elements to Change | |
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Results from Chicago | |
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Lessons Learned from Madison and Chicago | |
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Job Redesign and Community Policing | |
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Changing Officer Performance Measures | |
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Innovation | |
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Compstat as a Change Process | |
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Police Departments as Learning Organizations | |
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Organizational Learning | |
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Police-Researcher Partnerships | |
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Utilize Middle Managers | |
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Selection and Development | |
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Recruitment | |
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Recruitment Methods | |
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Targeting Females and Minorities | |
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Targeting the Service Oriented | |
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Cop Crunch | |
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Selection | |
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Preemployment Standards | |
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General Suitability | |
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Preemployment Testing | |
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Written Exams and Performance | |
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Too Smart for Policing? | |
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Development | |
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Recruit Training | |
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Community Policing Training | |
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Terrorism-Related Training | |
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Field Training | |
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Career Growth | |
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Field Operations | |
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The Patrol Function | |
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Historical Development | |
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Patrol Methods | |
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Use of Patrol Methods | |
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Selected Research on Patrol Operations | |
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Random Patrol | |
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Response Time | |
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Differential Response to Calls | |
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Focused Interventions | |
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Proactive Arrests and Crackdowns | |
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Guns and Gang Violence | |
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Policing Disorder: Zero-Tolerance and Quality-of-Life Policing | |
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Problem Oriented Policing Focused on Disorder | |
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Juvenile Curfews | |
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Reactive Arrests and Intimate Partner Violence | |
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Police Pursuits | |
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The Investigative Function | |
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Historical Development | |
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Selected Research on Investigative Operations | |
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Investigative Effectiveness | |
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Career Criminal Programs | |
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Bias Crime Programs | |
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Detective-Patrol Relationships | |
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Enticement and Entrapment | |
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Behavior and Misconduct | |
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Perspectives of Police Behavior | |
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Universalistic Perspectives | |
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Particularistic Perspectives | |
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Socialization Versus Predisposition | |
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Classic Studies of Police Behavior | |
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Violence and the Police | |
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Justice Without Trial | |
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Varieties of Police Behavior | |
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City Police | |
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Working the Street: Police Discretion | |
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Decision Making and Police Discretion | |
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Organizational Variables | |
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Neighborhood Variables | |
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Situational Variables | |
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Individual (Officer) Variables | |
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Police Deviance | |
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Types of Deviance and Misconduct | |
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The Prevalence of Police Deviance | |
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The Trouble With Gratuities | |
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Deviant Officers | |
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The Persistence of Corruption | |
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Police Sexual Misconduct | |
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The Drug War and Police Deviance | |
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Force and Coercion | |
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Police-Citizen Interactions | |
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Context of Force | |
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National Estimates on Police Use of Force | |
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Use of Force | |
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Learning to Use Force | |
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Training | |
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Areas of Training | |
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Police Culture and the Use of Force | |
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Controversy and the Use of Force | |
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Inappropriate Force | |
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Brutality and Excessive Force | |
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Physical and Psychological Force in Police History | |
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Frequency of Excessive Force and Brutality | |
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Brutality in the Twenty-First Century | |
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Deadly Force | |
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Individual and Situational Factors | |
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Environmental and Departmental Variations | |
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Racial Considerations | |
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Legal and Policy Changes | |
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Accountability and Ethics | |
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Internal Accountability Mechanisms | |
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Bureaucratic Organization and Management | |
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Internal Investigation | |
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Issues in Internal Investigations | |
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Early Warning/Early Identification Systems | |
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Effectiveness of Internal Investigations | |
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External Accountability Mechanisms | |
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Civilian Review | |
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Police Auditor Systems | |
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Legal Control | |
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The Limits of Oversight Mechanisms | |
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Professional Standards | |
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The Police Professionalization Movement | |
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Criteria of Police Professionalization | |
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Ethical Standards | |
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Ethical Perspectives | |
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Ethical Dilemmas | |
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The Limits of Professional and Ethical Standards | |
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Diversity | |
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Racial Minorities in Policing | |
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Unequal Treatment | |
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Performance of African American Police | |
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Women in Policing | |
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Unequal Treatment | |
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Performance of Women Officers | |
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Affirmative Action | |
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Equal Employment Opportunity | |
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Reverse Discrimination | |
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Increasing Diversity in Police Departments | |
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Promotional Opportunities | |
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Integration of Minorities and Women Into Policing | |
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Police Culture | |
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Structural Characteristics | |
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Pregnancy and Maternity | |
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Sexual Harassment | |
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Future Prospects | |
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Stress and Officer Safety | |
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The Concept of Stress | |
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Occupational Stress | |
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Overview of Stressors | |
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Police Stressors | |
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Emerging Sources of Stress | |
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Line-of-Duty and Crisis Situations | |
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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Shift Work | |
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Social Supports and Police Stress | |
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Consequences of Stress | |
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Alcohol Abuse | |
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Drug Abuse | |
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Suicide | |
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Marital and Family Problems | |
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Policies and Programs | |
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Officer Safety | |
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Danger and Police Work | |
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Safety and the Mentally Ill | |
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Improving Safety and Reducing Fatalities | |
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Higher Education | |
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The Development of Higher Education Programs for Police | |
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Federal Programs and Support for Higher Education | |
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Quality of Higher Education Programs | |
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Higher Education Requirements for Police | |
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Police Chiefs, Promotion, and Higher Education | |
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The Impact of Higher Education on Policing | |
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Higher Education and Attitudes | |
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Higher Education and Performance | |
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Use of Force and Liability | |
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Leadership and Promotion | |
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Other Significant Findings | |
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Summary of Higher Education Findings and Directions for Future Research | |
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Higher Education and Job Satisfaction | |
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Higher Education, Community Policing, and Terrorism | |
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Police Executives' Views on Higher Education | |
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Chief's Scholar Program | |
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Validating Higher Education for Police | |
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Higher Education as a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification | |
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Higher Education and Discrimination | |
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Higher Education Incentive Programs | |
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Higher Education Requirements and Policy Implications | |
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Emerging Issues | |
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Changes in American Society | |
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The Aging Population | |
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Diversity | |
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Economics | |
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Immigration and Migration | |
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Modern Problems | |
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Racial Profiling | |
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Immigration Enforcement | |
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Eyewitness Identification | |
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Persons With Mental Illness | |
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Cyber Crime | |
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Modern Technology | |
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Suspect Control and Officer Safety | |
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Crime Detention and Crime Solving | |
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Information Technology | |
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Communications and Interoperability | |
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Social Media | |
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Long-Term Trends | |
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Collaboration | |
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Privatization | |
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Federalization | |
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Militarization | |
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Globalization | |
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Competing Police Strategies | |
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Terrorism and Homeland Security | |
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Compstat and Performance Management | |
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COP, POP, and ILPGlossary of Key Terms | |
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Index | |