| |
| |
| |
| Human impacts on aquatic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
| What do aquatic systems provide? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ecosystem services | |
| |
| |
| |
| The need for understanding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scientific understanding of ecological dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evidence-based management-the role of science | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The dynamics of aquatic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The scale of variation in aquatic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drivers of variability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Key ecological concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ecological functioning | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water as a Resource | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human use of water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of abstraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enhancing natural water storage methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sustainability | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploiting the physical properties of the aquatic environment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The river basin as an ecological unit | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of dams and barrages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of channelization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effects of boat transport | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translocation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aquatic Biota as Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological basis for harvesting living organisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Production | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Population growth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fisheries models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problems with applying theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unsustainable harvesting | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Harvesting for economic gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fish and shell fisheries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impacts of fisheries on ecosystems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collecting intertidal shellfish | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other living organisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biodiversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sustainability | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aquaculture and ranching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The biological basis for aquaculture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aquaculture of fish | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aquaculture of invertebrates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plants and algae | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polyculture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ranching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interactions between aquaculture and the environment | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aquatic Environments as Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waste disposal in the aquatic environment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biodegradable wastes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nutrients | |
| |
| |
| |
| Accumulating toxic wastes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inert solids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mine wastes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acidification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cleaning up pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
| The changing nature of pollution | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extracting mineral resources from the aquatic environment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sand and gravel dredging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Peat extraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manganese nodules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oil exploration and production | |
| |
| |
| |
| Salt extraction | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploiting the general aquatic environment for recreation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impact of disturbance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recreational harvesting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conservation, ecotourism, and habitat creation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aquatic Environmental Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Responding to natural hazards | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| River floods and flood control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coastal storms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Earthquakes and volcanoes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological hazards | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecological goods and services | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The concept of ecological services | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aquatic ecosystems and ecosystem services | |
| |
| |
| |
| The link between ecological processes and human uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ecological footprint | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restoration and recovery of aquatic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restoration ecology and ecological restoration | |
| |
| |
| |
| The theoretical basis of restoration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining targets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recovery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restoration schemes and scale | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aquatic management tools and approaches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The role of ecological science in managing the exploitation of ecological systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The role of stakeholders in environmental management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental economics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Legislation and regulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Looking to the future-sustainability and biodiversity issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concluding thoughts | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |