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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Dating and other conventions | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Bibliographical abbreviations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The place of English within Indo-European | |
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| Germanic | |
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| Gothic | |
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| North Germanic | |
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| West Germanic | |
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| Continental borrowings into English | |
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| Celtic | |
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| Subdivisions of the Celtic family | |
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| Goidelic (Gaelic) | |
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| Brittonic (Brythonic/British) | |
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| Conclusion and conspectus | |
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| Celtic, Roman, and Germanic background | |
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| Pre-Celts and Celts in Britain | |
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| British Celtic toponyms | |
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| Early Celtic loanwords in English | |
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| Roman period in Britain [c1-5] | |
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| Roman influence on the early Germanic tribes | |
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| Early continental borrowings from Latin | |
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| Latin borrowings west of the Rhine | |
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| The end of Roman rule in Britain | |
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| Residues of romanization and the fate of Latin | |
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| Arrival of the pre-English tribes [C5] | |
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| The question of Frisian participation | |
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| Linguistic evidence | |
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| Problems for Vortigern | |
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| New Germanic settlements and Celtic displacements | |
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| Period of the legendary King Arthur | |
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| Celtic influence on the structure of English | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| English: The early period | |
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| The establishment of English [c6] | |
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| Contacts, missions, and christianization [C6/7] | |
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| Borrowings from casual contact | |
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| More technical Christian vocabulary | |
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| The multiple sources of cross | |
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| Northumbrian renaissance [c8] | |
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| West Saxon period [c9] | |
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| King Alfred the educator | |
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| The Winchester school and standardization [c10-11] | |
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| Wulfstan and other standards | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Early loanwords from Latin and Greek | |
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| The dating of loanwords | |
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| Periods of loanwords and criteria for dating | |
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| Chronology of phonological changes: Latin to Romance | |
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| Germanic chronology | |
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| Insular period: Proto-English changes | |
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| Loanwords into Germanic | |
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| Probable early (continental?) borrowings | |
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| Probable later borrowings [c.450-600] | |
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| Borrowings with christianization [600+] (cf. �3-3ff.) | |
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| Learned borrowings [C9/10] | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Appendix: Overview of early changes | |
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| The Scandinavian heritage of English | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Viking era | |
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| Diffusion of the Vikings | |
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| Systematic attacks and settlements | |
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| Commerce and urban development | |
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| More conquests and Scandinavian rule | |
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| Similar languages in contact: bilingualism and convergence | |
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| Epigraphic language mixture | |
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| The death of Scandinavian in England | |
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| A Norn parallel? | |
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| Distribution of Nordic influence on English: evidence of toponyms | |
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| Place names in -by | |
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| Other place names of Scandinavian origin | |
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| Scandinavian influence on the English lexicon | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Specialized and technical Scandinavian words in Old English | |
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| Non-technical Nordic loans in Old English | |
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| Scandinavian borrowings 1016-1150 | |
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| Scandinavian loans in Middle English: the Ormulum | |
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| The Katherine group | |
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| Scandinavian loans in other Middle English texts | |
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| Middle English dialectology: the focal area | |
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| Changes specific to the focal area? | |
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| Phonological properties of Norse borrowings | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The [k] | |