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| Abbreviations | |
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| Law and force | |
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| Identification of the law | |
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| Effectiveness of the prohibition of the use of force | |
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| The prohibition of the use of force | |
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| Humanitarian intervention | |
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| Kosovo: a new role for NATO | |
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| Legality of Use of Force: the case before the International Court of Justice | |
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| The subsequent debate | |
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| A responsibility to protect? | |
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| Darfur | |
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| A right of pro-democratic intervention | |
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| Force and self-determination | |
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| Other claims under Article 2(4) | |
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| Invitation and intervention: civil wars and the use of force | |
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| Recent application of the law on intervention in civil wars: Africa after the Cold War | |
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| The Nicaragua case | |
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| Armed activities on the territory of the Congo (DRC v Uganda) | |
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| The right of a government to invite outside intervention | |
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| Classification of conflicts | |
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| Invitation by governments in practice | |
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| Intervention and protection of nationals | |
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| Intervention in response to prior foreign intervention | |
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| Chad 1975-1993 | |
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| The identification of the government entitled to invite intervention | |
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| Forcible intervention to assist the opposition | |
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| Intervention and counter-intervention in Angola and Mozambique | |
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| The end of the Cold War and the start of the 'War on Terror' | |
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| Self-defence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The academic debate | |
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| The role of the Security Council | |
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| The duty to report to the Security Council | |
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| Self-defence as a temporary right | |
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| Security Council measures and self-defence | |
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| The scope of self-defence | |
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| Armed attack | |
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| Cross-border action by irregular forces | |
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| Turkey, Iraq and the Kurds | |
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| Iranian Oil Platforms case | |
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| Gravity of attack | |
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| Necessity and proportionality | |
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| Accumulation of events | |
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| Protection of nationals | |
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| Anticipatory self-defence before the 'Bush doctrine' | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Collective self-defence | |
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| The Nicaragua case | |
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| The meaning of armed attack | |
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| The actions of armed bands and irregular forces | |
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| The supply of arms | |
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| Frontier incidents | |
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| The distinction between armed attack and frontier incident in the Nicaragua case | |
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| Criticism of the distinction between armed attack and frontier incident | |
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| Arguments for the distinction between armed attack and frontier incident | |
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| The distinction and the Definition of Aggression | |
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| Other limits on the right of collective self-defence | |
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| Third state interest? | |
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| The duty to report to the Security Council under Article 51 | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The use of force against terrorism: a new war for a new century? | |
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| Previous practice | |
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| The impact of 9/11 | |
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| The concept of armed attack after 9/11 | |
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| Necessity and proportionality | |
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| Operation Enduring Freedom | |
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| Pre-emptive self-defence | |
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| How far has Operation Enduring Freedom been a turning point in the law on the use of force? | |
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| The Bush doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence | |
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| Iraq and pre-emptive self-defence | |
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| Allegations of links between Al Qaida and Saddam Hussein | |
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| Pre-emptive self-defence against the threat of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction | |
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| The next steps: North Korea and Iran | |
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| North Korea | |
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| Iran | |
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| Terrorist attacks after 9/11 and the international response | |
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| Intervention after Operation Enduring Freedom | |
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| Regime change | |
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| The 'War on Terror' extends | |
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| Israel, Syria and Lebanon 2001-2006 | |
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| Israel/Lebanon 2006 | |
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| Non-state actors | |
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| The role of the UN | |
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| Proportionality | |
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| Ethiopa/Somalia 2006 | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The UN and the use of force | |
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| The UN in the Cold War | |
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| Chapter VII action | |
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| The division of powers between the Security Council and the General Assembly | |
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| Peacekeeping during the Cold War | |
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| A New Legal Order? Chapter VII after the Cold War | |
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| Article 41: transformation | |
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| Peacekeeping after the Cold War | |
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| The end of Cold War conflicts | |
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| The start of new conflicts | |
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| Peacekeeping and enforcement action in Yugoslavia and Somalia: the burring of traditional distinctions | |
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| The extension of peacekeeping | |
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| Yugoslavia | |
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| Somalia | |
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| Contemporaneous peacekeeping and enforcement operations | |
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| Rwanda | |
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| The relation of UN peacekeeping and Chapter VII | |
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| Consent to peacekeeping | |
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| The use of force by peacekeeping operations | |
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| Reform of UN peacekeeping | |
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| The Brahimi Report and its implementation | |
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| Sierra Leone and the DRC | |
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| Recent peacekeeping operations | |
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| Peace Operations 2010 | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Security Council authorization for member states to use force | |
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| Express authorization | |
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| Member state operations in Africa (2003-2007) | |
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| Europe in Africa | |
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| Chad and the Central African Republic (CAR) | |
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| Kosovo | |
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| Afghanistan | |
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| The multinational force in Iraq (2003) | |
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| Implied (or revived) authorization to use force | |
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| Iraq 1991-2002 | |
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| The 1999 Kosovo operation | |
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| Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003) | |
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| Security Council Resolution 1441 (2002) | |
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| The 'coalition' case for action | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Regional peacekeeping and enforcement action | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cooperation between the UN and regional organizations | |
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| The UN and the AU | |
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| The AU in Somalia: AMISOM | |
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| The AU in Darfur: AMIS | |
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| Joint operations | |
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| 'Regional arrangements and agencies' | |
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| The constitutional bases for regional peacekeeping | |
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| ECOWAS action in Liberia | |
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| ECOWAS action in Sierra Leone | |
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| The legality of regional action in terms of the UN Charter and general international law | |
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| ECOWAS action in Liberia (1990-97) | |
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| The legality of the operation under the UN Charter | |
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| Consent of the host state | |
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| The impartiality of ECOMOG | |
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| Enforcement action | |
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| ECOWAS cooperation with a UN force | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The former USSR | |
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| Tajikistan | |
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| Abkhazia, Georgia | |
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| ECOWAS action in Sierra Leone | |
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| A reinterpretation of Article 53 of the UN Charter? | |
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| A regional right to use force to restore democratic government? | |
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| Cote d'Ivoire | |
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| Liberia (2003) and the Central African Republic | |
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| Security Council authorization of use of force by regional organizations | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Index | |