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| Questions, terminology, and underlying principles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Essential terminology: parasite, disease, and disease risk | |
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| What is a parasite? | |
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| Parasite and disease | |
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| What is disease risk and how is it measured? | |
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| Ecological drivers of primate sociality | |
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| Between-group resource competition | |
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| Predation and within-group competition | |
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| Inter-sexual conflict | |
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| Infectious disease | |
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| Fitness consequences of parasites in wild primate populations | |
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| Organizational layout of this book | |
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| Diversity and characteristics of primate parasites | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Taxonomic diversity of parasites from wild primates | |
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| Viruses | |
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| Bacteria | |
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| Fungi | |
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| Protozoa | |
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| Helminths | |
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| Arthropods | |
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| Strategies for parasite transmission | |
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| Host specificity and "multi-host" parasites | |
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| Virulence: negative effects of parasites on their hosts | |
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| Parasite transmission and manipulation of host behavior | |
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| Causes and consequences of altered behavior | |
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| Manipulation of primate hosts | |
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| Summary and synthesis | |
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| Primate socioecology and disease risk: predictions and rationale | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background concepts | |
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| Encounter and infection probability | |
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| Formulating hypotheses at individual and comparative levels | |
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| Host traits and disease risk | |
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| Body mass, life history, and individual age | |
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| Host population size and density | |
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| Social organization, group size, and dominance rank | |
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| Reproduction, mating behavior, and sex differences | |
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| Ranging behavior, substrate use, and diet | |
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| Environmental factors and seasonality | |
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| Summary and synthesis | |
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| Host-parasite dynamics and epidemiological principles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| An historical perspective | |
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| Basic terminology and measures of infection | |
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| Analytical models of disease spread | |
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| Microparasites and compartment models | |
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| Macroparasite models | |
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| The role of parasites in regulating host populations | |
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| Theoretical predictions | |
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| Regulation in experimental and natural populations | |
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| Heterogeneities and dynamical complexities | |
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| Spatial heterogeneity: landscape features and metapopulation dynamics | |
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| Host social system | |
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| Multi-host dynamics | |
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| Summary and synthesis | |
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| Host defenses: the immune system and behavioral counterstrategies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Responding to infections: strategies for parasite removal | |
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| Immune defenses | |
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| Physiological responses and sickness behaviors | |
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| Grooming as a means of parasite removal | |
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| Medicinal plant use | |
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| Preventing infections: strategies for parasite avoidance | |
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| Habitat use and ranging behavior | |
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| Diet | |
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| Avoidance of arthropod vectors and parasites | |
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| Parental care | |
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| Avoiding infected conspecifics | |
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| Parasite pressure, mate choice, and sexual selection | |
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| Direct benefits: selection of uninfected caregivers | |
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| Avoidance of directly transmitted parasites | |
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| Indirect benefits of mate choice | |
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| Parasite status, resistance, and signals for choosing mates | |
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| Summary and synthesis | |
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| Infectious disease and primate social systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Variation in primate social systems | |
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| Chains of transmission within and among primate groups | |
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| Disease risk and primate social systems | |
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| Group size and contagious infections | |
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| Group size, flying insects, and vector-borne infections | |
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| Group composition | |
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| Group spread and contact within groups | |
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| Dispersal among groups | |
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| Territoriality and range overlap | |
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| Mating systems, sexual behavior, and STDs | |
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| Mating promiscuity | |
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| Effect of reproductive skew | |
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| Testing effects of STD risk on primate mating systems | |
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| Impacts of host behavior on pathogen evolution | |
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| Evolution of virulence | |
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| Evolution of transmission strategies | |
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| Coevolution | |
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| Methodological approaches to study effects of parasites on host social systems | |
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| Fields studies | |
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| Directional tests using comparative methods | |
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| Incorporating parasites in comparative studies of sociality | |
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| Modelling approaches | |
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| Summary and synthesis | |
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| Parasites and primate conservation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Parasites as a cause of wildlife declines | |
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| Emerging infectious diseases in primates and other wildlife | |
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| Disease risk and anthropogenic change | |
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| Habitat destruction and degradation | |
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| Reductions in host population size | |
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| Human impacts on parasite biology | |
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| Conservation efforts in response to infectious disease risk | |
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| Monitoring parasites in wild populations | |
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| Reserve design and management | |
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| Captive breeding and semi-free-ranging populations | |
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| Ecotourism and scientific field research | |
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| Direct intervention to reduce the impact of disease | |
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| Evolutionary considerations and host-parasite biodiversity | |
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| Summary and synthesis | |
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| From nonhuman primates to human health and evolution | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origins and early history of infectious disease in humans | |
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| Infectious agents in early human societies | |
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| Epidemiological transitions and the rise of human pathogens | |
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| Human responses to infectious diseases: from Darwinian medicine to public health | |
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| Behavioral responses to infectious diseases | |
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| Evolution of immune defenses and resistance traits | |
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| Global patterns of disease risk among contemporary human societies | |
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| Wild primates and emerging diseases in humans | |
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| Summary and synthesis | |
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| Concluding remarks and future directions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is the diversity of parasites in wild primates? | |
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| Population biology and impacts of parasites in wild primates | |
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| Immune and behavioral defenses: tradeoffs against different infectious agents | |
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| What are the links between primate sociality and parasitism? | |
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| Are parasites a significant threat to primate conservation efforts? | |
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| From primates to understanding human-pathogen interaction | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |