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| Preface | |
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| Passive vision and active vision | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Passive vision | |
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| Visual attention | |
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| Active vision | |
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| Active vision and vision for action | |
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| Outline of the book | |
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| Background to active vision | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The inhomogeneity of the visual projections | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physiology of the visual projections | |
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| Psychophysical performance in peripheral vision | |
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| Comparison of psychophysical and physiological measures | |
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| Parallel visual pathways | |
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| Magnocellular and parvocellular systems | |
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| Visual processing in the cortex | |
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| The oculomotor system | |
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| The muscles of the eye | |
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| Classification of eye movements | |
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| Saccadic eye movement | |
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| Characteristic of saccades | |
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| Combining saccadic movements with pursuit and vergence | |
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| Saccadic suppression | |
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| Physiological pathways for saccadic eye movements | |
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| Summary | |
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| Visual selection, covert attention and eye movements | |
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| Covert and overt attention | |
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| Covert spatial attention | |
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| Spotlights | |
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| Zoom lens accounts of attention | |
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| Late vs. early selection models of attention | |
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| The visual benefits of covert spatial attention | |
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| The relationship between covert and overt attention | |
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| Klein's independence account | |
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| The sequential attentional model | |
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| The pre-motor theory of attention | |
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| Speed of attention | |
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| Neurophysiology of attention | |
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| Non-spatial attention | |
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| Attention to objects | |
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| Attention to visual properties | |
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| Active vision and attention | |
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| Summary | |
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| Visual orienting | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What determines the latency of orienting saccades? | |
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| Target properties | |
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| The gap effect | |
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| The remote distractor effect | |
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| Express saccades | |
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| Variability in latencies | |
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| Physiology of saccade initiation | |
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| Burst and pause cells in the reticular formation | |
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| Fixation, burst and buildup neurons in the superior colliculus | |
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| Variability of saccade latencies | |
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| What determines the landing position of orienting saccades? | |
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| Corrective saccades | |
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| The double step paradigm | |
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| The double target paradigm | |
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| Parallel processing of saccades | |
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| Antisaccades | |
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| Physiology of the WHERE system | |
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| Spatial coding and the saccadic system | |
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| The Findlay and Walker model | |
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| Development and plasticity | |
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| Visual sampling during text reading | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic patterns of visual sampling during reading | |
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| Perception during fixations in reading | |
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| Gaze-contingent methodologies | |
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| Measurement of the perceptual span | |
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| Preview benefit | |
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| Language processing | |
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| Lexical access: influences on the speed of word recognition | |
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| Optimal viewing position | |
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| Control of fixation duration | |
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| Control of landing position | |
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| Skipping words | |
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| Can linguistic variables influence landing position within words? | |
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| Theories of eye control during reading | |
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| Models emphasizing non-cognitive factors | |
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| Models driven by the lexical access process | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Practical aspects of eye control in reading | |
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| Reading and the physical characteristics of the text | |
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| Dyslexia | |
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| Overview | |
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| Visual search | |
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| Visual search tasks | |
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| Theories of visual search | |
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| Feature integration theory | |
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| Guided search | |
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| A late-selection model of visual search | |
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| Overview of the models | |
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| The need for eye movements in visual search | |
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| Search without eye movement | |
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| Visual search and the conspicuity area or visual lobe | |
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| Eye movements in visual search | |
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| Saccades in parallel and serial visual search | |
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| Processing within an eye fixation during visual search | |
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| Guidance of saccades in visual search | |
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| Saccades in visual search: latencies and fixation durations | |
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| Saccades in visual search: landing positions | |
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| Ocular capture in visual search | |
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| Saccades in visual search: scanpaths | |
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| Physiology of visual search | |
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| Summary | |
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| Natural scenes and activities | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early studies of picture scanning | |
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| Average characteristics of eye movement patterns during picture viewing | |
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| Scanpaths | |
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| The gaze selects informative details | |
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| Analytic studies of scene and object perception | |
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| Scenes and objects | |
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| Theories of object perception and scene perception | |
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| Are eye movements necessary for scene and object perception? | |
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| Object perception in peripheral vision | |
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| Scene context and object perception | |
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| Change blindness | |
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| Dynamic scenes and situations | |
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| Deictic vision | |
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| Vision supporting everyday actions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Human neuropsychology | |
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| Blindsight | |
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| Neglect | |
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| Balint's syndrome and dorsal simultanagnosia | |
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| Frontal lobe damage | |
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| Orienting without eye movements | |
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| Peripheral neuropsychology | |
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| Reading without eye movements | |
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| Saccadic head movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| Space constancy and trans-saccadic integration | |
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| The traditional approach: `compensatory taking into account' | |
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| Trans-saccadic integrations | |
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| Detection of displacement during saccades | |
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| Trans-saccadic fusion | |
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| Localisation of peri-saccadic probes | |
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| Memory guidance of saccades | |
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| Resolution of the conflicting results | |
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| Target displacements during saccades can be detected under some circumstances | |
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| A revised theory of space constancy and trans-saccadic integration | |
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| The neurophysiology of trans-saccadic processes | |
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| Conclusion: The Active Vision Cycle | |
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| Future directions | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |