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| List of Boxes | |
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| Preface | |
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| What Is Anthropology? | |
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| What is Anthropology? | |
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| What is the Concept of Culture? | |
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| What Makes Anthropology a Cross Disciplinary Discipline? | |
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| Biological Anthropology | |
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| In Their Own Words: Anthropology as a Vocation Listening to Voices | |
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| Cultural Anthropology | |
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| Linguistic Anthropology | |
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| Archaeology | |
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| Applied Anthropology | |
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| Medical Anthropology | |
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| The Uses of Anthropology | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Anthropology, Science, and Storytelling | |
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| Scientific and Nonscientific Explanations | |
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| Some Key Scientific Concepts | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Why Is Evolution Important to Anthropologists? | |
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| What is Evolutionary Theory? | |
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| What Material Evidence is There for Evolution? | |
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| Pre-Darwinian Views of The Natural World | |
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| Essentialism | |
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| The Great Chain of Being | |
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| Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism | |
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| Transformational Evolution | |
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| What is Natural Selection? | |
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| Population Thinking | |
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| Natural Selection in Action | |
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| Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity | |
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| Mendel's Experiments | |
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| The Emergence of Genetics | |
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| What Are the Basics of Contemporary Genetics?Genes and Traits | |
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| Mutation | |
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| DNA and the Genome | |
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| Anthropology in Everyday Life: Forensic Anthropology and Human Rights | |
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| Genotype, Phenotype, and the Norm of Reaction | |
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| In Their Own Words: How Living Organisms Construct Their Environments | |
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| What does Evolution Mean? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| What Can Evolutionary Theory Tell Us about Human Variation? | |
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| What is Microevolution? | |
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| The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis and Its Legacy | |
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| The Molecularization of Race? | |
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| The Four Evolutionary Processes | |
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| Microevolution and Patterns of Human Variation | |
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| Adaptation and Human Variation | |
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| Phenotype, Environment and Culture | |
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| In Their Own Words: DNA Tests Find Branches but Few Roots | |
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| What is Macroevolution? | |
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| Can We Predict the Future of Human Evolution? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Dating Methods in Paleoanthropology and Archaeology | |
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| Relative Dating Methods | |
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| Numerical Dating Methods | |
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| Modeling Prehistoric Climates | |
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| Module Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| What Can the Study of Primates Tell Us about Human Beings? | |
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| What Are Primates? | |
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| Approaches to Primate Taxonomy | |
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| The Living Primates | |
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| Strepsirhines | |
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| Haplorhines | |
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| In Their Own Words: The Future of Primate Diversity | |
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| Flexibility as the Hallmark of Primate Adaptations | |
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| In Their Own Words: Chimpanzee Tourism | |
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| Past Evolutionary Trends in Primates | |
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| Primate Evolution: The First 60 Million Years | |
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| Primates of the Paleocene | |
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| Primates of the Eocene | |
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| Primates of the Oligocene | |
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| Primates of the Miocene | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| What Can the Fossil Record Tell Us about Human Origins? | |
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| Hominin Evolution | |
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| Who Were the First Hominins? (6-3 mya)The Origin of Bipedalism | |
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| Changes in Hominin Dentition | |
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| In Their Own Words: Finding Fossils | |
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| Who Were the Later Australopith? (3-1.5 mya)How Many Species of Australopith Were There? | |
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| How Can Anthropologists Explain the Human Transition? | |
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| What Do We Know About Early Homo? (2.4-1.5 mya)Expansion of the Australopith Brain | |
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| How Many Species of Early Homo Were There?Earliest Evidence of Culture: Stone Tools of the Oldowan Tradition | |
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| Who Was Homo Erectus? (1.8-1.7 mya to 0.5-0.4 mya)Morphological Traits of H. erectus | |
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| The Culture of H. erectus | |
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| H. erectus the Hunter | |
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| The Evolutionary Fate of H. Erectus | |
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| How Did Homo Sapiens Evolve? | |
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| Fossil Evidence for the Transition to Modern H. sapiens | |
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| Where Did Modern H. sapiens Come From? | |
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| Who Were The Neandertals? (130,000 to 35,000 years ago)Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age Culture | |
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| Did Neandertals Hunt? | |
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| In Their Own Words: Bad Hair Days in the Paleolithic Modern (Re)Constructions of the Cave Man | |
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| What Do We Know About Anatomically Modern Humans? (200,000 years ago to present)What Can Genetics Tell Us About Modern Human Origins?The Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age (40,000? to 12,000 years ago)What Happened To The Neandertals? | |
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| Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age Cultures | |
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| In Their Own Words: Women's Art in the Upper Paleolithic | |
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| Spread of Modern H. Sapiens in Late Pleistocene Times | |
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| Eastern Asia and Siberia | |
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| The Americas | |
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| Australia | |
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| Two Million Years of Human Evolution | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| How Do We Know About the Human Past? | |
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| Archaeology | |
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| Surveys | |
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| Archaeological Excavation | |
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| Interpreting the Past | |
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| Subsistence Strategies | |
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| Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States | |
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| Whose Past Is It? | |
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| Plundering the Past | |
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| Contemporary Trends in Archaeology | |
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| Gender Archaeology | |
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| Collaborative Approaches to Studying the Past | |
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| Cosmopolitan Archaeologies | |
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| Anthropology in Everyday Life: Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement Chapter Summary | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Why Did Humans Settle Down, Build Cities, and Establish States? | |
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| Human Imagination and the Material World | |
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| Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction? | |
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| Animal Domestication | |
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| Was There Only One Motor of Domestication? | |
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| How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia? | |
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| Natufian Social Organization | |
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| Domestication Elsewhere in the World | |
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| What Were the Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism? | |
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| In Their Own Words: The Food Revolution | |
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| What is Social Complexity? | |
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| How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies? | |
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| What is the Archaeological Evidence For Social Complexity? | |
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| Why Did Stratification Begin? | |
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| How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies? | |
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| Andean Civilization | |
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| In Their Own Words: The Ecological Consequences of Social Complexity | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Why Is The Concept of Culture Important? | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Define Culture? | |
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| In Their Own Words: The Paradox of Ethnocentrism | |
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| In Their Own Words: Culture and Freedom | |
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| Culture, History and Human Agency | |
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| In Their Own Words: Human-Rights Law and the Demonization of Culture | |
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| Why Do Cultural Differences Matter? | |
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| What is Ethnocentrism? | |
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| Is it Possible to Avoid Ethnocentric Bias? | |
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| What is Cultural Relativism? | |
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| How Can Cultural Relativity Improve Our Understanding of Controversial Cultural Practices? | |
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| Genital Cutting, Gender, and Human Rights | |
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| Genital Cutting as a Valued Ritual | |
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| Culture and Moral Reasoning | |
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| Did Their Culture Make Them Do It? | |
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| Does Culture Explain Everything? | |
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| Culture Change and Cultural Authenticity | |
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| The Promise of the Anthropological Perspective | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| On Ethnographic Methods | |
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| A Meeting of Cultural Traditions | |
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| Single-Sited Fieldwork | |
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| Multisited Fieldwork | |
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| Collecting and Interpreting Data | |
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| The Dialectic of Fieldwork: Interpretation and Translation | |
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| Interpreting Actions and Ideas | |
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| The Dialectic of Fieldwork: An Example | |
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| The Effects of Fieldwork | |
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| The Production of Anthropological Knowledge | |
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| Anthropological Knowledge as Open-Ended | |
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| Module Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Why is Understanding Human Language Important? | |
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| How are Language and Culture Related? | |
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| How Do People Talk about Experience? | |
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| In Their Own Words: Cultural Translation | |
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| What Makes Human Language Distinctive? | |
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| What Does it Mean to "Learn" A Language? | |
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| How Does Context Affect Language? | |
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| How Does Language Affect How We See The World? | |
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| Pragmatics: How Do We Study Language in Contexts of Use? | |
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| Ethnopragmatics | |
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| What Happens When Languages Come into Contact? | |
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| What is Linguistic Inequality? | |
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| What Are Language Habits of African Americans? | |
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| In Their Own Words: Varieties of African American English | |
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| Language Ideology | |
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| Anthropology in Everyday Life: Language Revitalization | |
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| Language, Culture, and Thought | |
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| Perception | |
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| Illusion | |
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| Cognition | |
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| Language, Thought, and Symbolic Practice | |
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| Languages, Symbolic Practices, Worldviews | |
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| What Are Symbols?In Their Own Words: The Madness of Hunger | |
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| Symbolic Practices, Worldviews, Selves | |
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| Anthropology in Everyday Life: Lead Poisoning among Mexican American Children | |
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| In Their Own Words: American Premenstrual Syndrome | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Components of Language | |
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| Phonology: Sounds | |
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| Morphology: Word Structure | |
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| Syntax: Sentence Structure | |
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| Semantics: Meaning | |
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| Module Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| How Do We Make Meaning? | |
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| What is Play? | |
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| What do We Think about Play? | |
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| What Are Some Effects of Play? | |
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| What is Art? | |
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| Is There a Definition of Art? | |
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| "But Is It Art?" | |
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| "She's Fake": Art and Authenticity | |
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| In Their Own Words: Tango | |
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| What is Myth? | |
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| How Does Myth Reflect and Shape Society? | |
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| Do Myths Help Us Think? | |
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| What is Ritual? | |
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| How Can Ritual Be Defined? | |
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| Ritual As Action? | |
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| What Are Rites of Passage? | |
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| How Are Play and Ritual Complementary? | |
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| In Their Own Words: Video in the Villages | |
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| How Are Worldview and Symbolic Practice Related? | |
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| What is Religion? | |
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| How Do People Communicate in Religion? | |
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| How Are Religion and Social Organization Related? | |
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| Worldviews in Operation: Two Case Studies | |
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| Coping with Misfortune: Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande | |
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| Are There Patterns of Witchcraft Accusation? | |
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| Coping with Misfortune: Seeking Higher Consciousness among the Channelers | |
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| In Their Own Words: For All Those Who Were Indian in a Former Life | |
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| Maintaining and Changing a Worldview | |
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| How Do People Cope with Change? | |
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| In Their Own Words: Custom and Confrontation | |
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| How Are Worldviews Used As Instruments of Power? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Why Do Anthropologists Study Economic Relations? | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Study Economic Relations? | |
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| What are the Connections between Culture and Livelihood? | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Study Production, Distribution, and Consumption? | |
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| How Are Goods Distributed and Exchanged? | |
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| What are Modes of Exchange? | |
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| Does Production Drive Economic Activities? | |
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| Labor | |
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| Modes of Production | |
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| What is the Role of Conflict in Material Life? | |
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| In Their Own Words: "So Much Work, So Much Tragedy...and for What? | |
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| "Anthropology in Everyday Life: Producing Sorghum and Millet in Honduras and the Sudan | |
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| In Their Own Words: Solidarity Forever | |
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| Why Do People Consume What they Do? | |
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| The Internal Explanation: Malinowski and Basic Human Needs | |
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| The External Explanation: Cultural Ecology | |
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| How is Consumption Culturally Patterned? | |
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| How is Consumption Being Studied Today? | |
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| In Their Own Words: Fake Masks and Faux Modernity | |
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| In Their Own Words: Questioning Collapse | |
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| The Anthropology of Food and Nutrition | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Study Political Relations? | |
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| How Are Culture and Politics Related? | |
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| How Do Anthropologists Study Politics? | |
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| Coercion | |
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| Anthropology in Everyday Life: Doing Business in Japan | |
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| In Their Own Words: Reforming the Crow Constitution | |
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| How Are Politics, Gender, and Kinship Related? | |
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| Hidden Transcripts and the Power of Reflection | |
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| How Are Immigration and Politics Related in the New Europe? | |
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| In Their Own Words: Protesters Gird for Long Fight over Opening Peru's Amazon | |
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| Anthropology in Everyday Life: Human Terrain Teams and Anthropological Ethics | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Where Do Our Relatives Come From and Why Do They Matter? | |
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| What is Kinship? | |
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| Sex, Gender, and Kinship | |
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| What is the Role of Descent in Kinship? | |
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| What Role do Lineages Play in Descent? | |
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| Lineage Membership | |
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| Patrilineages | |
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| What are Matrilineages? | |
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| In Their Own Words: Outside Work, Women, and Bridewealth | |
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| What are Kinship Terminologies? | |
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| What Criteria Are Used For Making Kinship Distinctions? | |
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| What is Adoption? | |
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| Adoption in Highland Ecuador | |
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| European American Kinship and New Reproductive Technologies | |
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| How Does Organ Transplantation Create New Relatives? | |
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| Marriage | |
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| Toward a Definition of Marriage | |
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| Woman Marriage and Ghost Marriage among the Nuer | |
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| Why is Marriage a Social Process? | |
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| Patterns of Residence after Marriage | |
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| Single and Plural Spouses | |
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| In Their Own Words: Two Cheers for Gay Marriage | |
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| How is Marriage an Economic Exchange? | |
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| In Their Own Words: Dowry Too High. Lose Bride and Go to Jail | |
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| What is a Family? | |
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| What is the Nuclear Family? | |
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| What is the Polygynous Family? | |
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| Extended and Joint Families | |
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| In Their Own Words: Law, Custom, and Crimes Against Women | |
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| How are Families Transformed Over Time? | |
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| Divorce and Remarriage | |
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| How Does International Migration Affect the Family? | |
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| Families by Choice | |
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| Friendship | |
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| Anthropology in Everyday Life: Caring for Infibulated Women Giving Birth in Norway | |
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| In Their Own Words: Why Migrant Women Feed Their Husbands Tamales | |
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| How Are Sexual Practices Organized? | |
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| Ranges of Heterosexual Practices | |
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| Other Sexual Practices | |
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| Sexuality and Power | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| What Can Anthropology Tell Us About Social Inequality? | |
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| Inequality and Structural Violence in Haiti | |
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| Gender | |
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| Class | |
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| Caste | |
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| Caste in India | |
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| In Their Own Words: As Economic Turmoil Mounts, So Do Attacks on Hungary's Gypsies | |
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| Race | |
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| Colorism in Nicaragua | |
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| In Their Own Words: On the Butt Size of Barbie and Shani Dolls and Race in the United States | |
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| In Their Own Words: The Politics of Ethnicity | |
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| Ethnicity | |
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| Nation and Nationalism | |
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| Australian Nationalism | |
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| Naturalizing Discourses | |
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| The Paradox of Essentialized Identities | |
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| Nation Building in the Postcolonial World: The Example of Fiji | |
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| Nationalism and its Dangers | |
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| Anthropology in Everyday Life: Anthropology and Democracy | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| What Can Anthropology Tell Us about Globalization? | |
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| What Happened to the Global Economy after the Cold War? | |
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| Cultural Processes in a Global World | |
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| In Their Own Words: Slumdog Tourism | |
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| In Their Own Words: Cofan: Story of the Forest People and the Outsiders | |
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| Globalization and the Nation-State | |
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| Are Global Flows Undermining Nation-States? | |
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| Migration, Transborder Identities, and Long-Distance Nationalism | |
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| How Can Citizenship be Flexible? | |
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| Are Human Rights Universal? | |
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| Human-Rights Discourse as the Global Language of Social Justice | |
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| Rights versus Culture? | |
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| Rights to Culture? | |
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| Are Rights Part of Culture? | |
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| How Can Culture Help in Thinking about Rights? | |
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| Cultural Imperialism or Cultural Hybridity? | |
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| What is Cultural Imperialism? | |
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| Cultural Hybridity | |
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| Can We Be At Home in a Global World? | |
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| What is Friction? | |
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| In Their Own Words: How Sushi Went Global | |
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| In Their Own Words: The Anthropological Voice | |
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| Why Study Anthropology? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| For Review and Discussion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Credits | |
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| Glossary and Index | |