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Preface | |
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Identifying Verbs and Core Sentences | |
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Preview | |
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Grammar and Our View of Language1` | |
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Verbs and Core Sentences | |
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Verbs: The Basic Sentence Components | |
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Intransitive Verbs | |
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Linking Verbs | |
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Transitive Verbs | |
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Two Place Transitive Verbs | |
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Vg Verbs | |
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Vc Verbs | |
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Two Place Transitives as Transitive Verbs | |
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The Verb BE | |
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Verbs and Slots and Sentence Nuclei | |
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Verbs Change Types | |
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Reference Material | |
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Knowledge and Practice | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Identifying Verb Types | |
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Relating Words, Phrases, and Slots | |
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Parts of Speech | |
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What Nouns Do | |
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Verbs, Modals, Auxiliaries, and Tense | |
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Adjectives and Noun Characteristics | |
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Adverbs Orient Readers and Listeners | |
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Prepositions Precede Noun Phrases | |
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Words and Grammar | |
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Grammatical Slots Identify Phrases | |
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The Hierarchy | |
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Constituents as Hierarchies | |
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Grammatical Analyis and Chicken Parts | |
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Heads and Attributes | |
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Basic Sentence Structure | |
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The Yes/No Question Test | |
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Tree Diagrams | |
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Diagrams as Tools | |
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Multiple-Word Verbs | |
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Words, Hierarchies, and Constituents | |
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Exercises | |
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Identifying Sentence Constituents | |
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Expanding Verb Phrases | |
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Tense, Modality, and Aspect | |
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Statu of the Main Verb | |
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Verb Form | |
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Finiteness | |
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Mood and Purpose | |
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Conditional Mood and Possibility | |
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Future Time and Conditional Mood Again | |
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Aspect | |
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Past Participles | |
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Present Participles | |
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Tense Forms of Main Verbs | |
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How to Expand a Main Verb | |
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Regular Verbs | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Changing Main Verb Forms | |
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Identify Verb Status and Analyzing Sentence | |
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Exploring Noun Phrases | |
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Noun Phrase Component | |
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Proper and Common Nouns | |
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Determiners | |
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Definite Articles | |
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Possessive Pronouns | |
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Numbers | |
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Prearticles | |
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Postnoun Modifiers | |
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Genitives | |
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Genitive Rather than Possessive | |
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Personal, Reflexive, and Indefinite Pronoun | |
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Function Words Can Expand Noun Phrases | |
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Here are the Main Points in the Chapter | |
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Exercises | |
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Identifying Noun Constituents and Analyzing Sentences | |
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Rearranging and Compounding | |
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Changing Core Sentences | |
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Making Negative Sentences | |
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Changing Statements into Yes/No Questions | |
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Wh-Question Sentences | |
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Passive Sentences | |
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Deleting By from a Passive | |
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Core Arrangement of Passive Constituents | |
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Past Participles and Adjectives | |
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Get as a Passive Auxiliary | |
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Rearranging a Passive Sentence | |
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Status and Passive | |
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Existential-There Sentences | |
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Expletives | |
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Imperative Structure | |
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Deleting You and Will from Imperative Sentences | |
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Diagramming Imperative Sentences | |
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Imperative Sentence Lack Tense | |
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The Negative Form of Imperatives | |
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Compounding Structures | |
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Coordinate and Correlative Conjunctions | |
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Conjoining and Commas | |
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Attaching Conjunctions | |
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Conjunctive Adverbs | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Rearranging and Compounding Sentences | |
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Analyzing Sentences | |
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Constructing Relative Clauses | |
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Dependent Clauses | |
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Little Sentences Combine to Make Big Sentences | |
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Why We Combine Sentences | |
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A Relative Clause Embeds into a Noun Phrase | |
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The Way It Was Is the Way It Is | |
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Restrictive Relative Clauses as Adjectives | |
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Making a Relative Clause | |
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Relative Pronouns Replace Noun Phrases | |
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Whose Replaces a Possessive Pronoun or a Genitive Noun | |
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Relative Pronouns in Prepositional Phrases | |
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The Functions of Fronted Relatives | |
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Find the Constituents of the Relative Clause | |
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Deleting Object Noun Phrases from Relative Clauses | |
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Embedding Relative Clauses into Subordinate Clauses | |
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Constituents in Independent or Dependent Clauses | |
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Here are the Main Points in the Chapter | |
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Exercises | |
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Combining Sentences | |
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Breaking Out Underlying Sentences | |
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Analyzing Sentences | |
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Reducing Relative Clauses to Phrases | |
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Deriving Prepositional and Participial Phrases | |
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Reducing Clauses | |
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Participial Phrases are Verb Phrases | |
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Making Some Verbs into Present Participles | |
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Deriving Past Participial Phrases | |
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Embedded Prepositional Phrases | |
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Constituency: Adjectives or Adverbs | |
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How the Components of an Embedded Phrase Function | |
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Prepositional Phrases Headed by With | |
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We Won't Derive One-Word Modifiers | |
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Embedded Phrases and Commas | |
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Making Long Sentences from Just a Few Kinds of Phrases and Clauses | |
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The Clauses that Underlie a Sentence's Constituents | |
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Grammatical Ambiguity | |
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Phrases Derived from Relative Clauses | |
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Here are the Main Points of the Chapter | |
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Exercises | |
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Breaking Out Underlying Sentences | |
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Combining Sentences | |
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Analyzing Sentences | |
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Making Noun Clauses, Gerunds, and Infinitives | |
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Noun Clauses, Gerunds, and Infinitives Fill Noun Phrase Slots | |
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That-Clauses | |
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Noun Clauses Fill Noun Phrase Slots | |
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Extraposing That-Clauses | |
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Some Sentences with Expletives and Noun Clauses Don't Seem to Be Derived | |
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Wh-Subordinators Act as Content Words within Noun Clauses | |
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Wh-Clauses Are Related to Question Sentences | |
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Reducing Clauses to Infinitive Phrases | |
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Infinitives without to | |
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Infinitive Phrases Introduced by For ... to | |
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Some Infinitives Function as Adverbs | |
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Gerunds Are -ing Verb Forms | |
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Gerund Phrases May Contain a Subject in the Genitive Form | |
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Studying Grammar is Cumulative | |
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Embedded Structures That Fill Noun Phrase Slot in Matrix Clauses | |
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Here are the Main Points of Chapter 8 | |
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Exercises | |
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Breaking Out Underlying Sentences | |
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Combining Sentences | |
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Analyzing Sentences | |
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Adding Modifiers to Sentences | |
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Nonrestrictive Modifiers | |
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Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses Sit Next to Noun Phrases | |
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Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses Make Added Comments | |
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Nonrestrictive Participial Phrases | |
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Nonrestrictive Participial Phrases Function as Adverbs | |
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Appositives Sit Next to Nouns | |
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Absolute Phrases | |
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Adverb Cluses Share Some Characteristics of Nonrestrictive Modifiers | |
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Adverb Clauses and Subordinate Conjunctions | |
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Nonrestrictive Modifiers Change the Pace, Rhythm, and Movement in Sentences | |
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A Grammar Course Should Prepare You to Analyze Real Sentences | |
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Doing Grammar is About Understanding the System That Generates Sentences | |
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Here are the Main Points of Chapter 9 | |
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Exercises | |
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Breaking Out Underlying Sentences | |
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Combining Sentences | |
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Analyzing Sentences | |
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What can You do Now that You can do Grammar? | |
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Reflecting on Writing and Reading | |
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Style | |
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Students Writing With Style | |
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Most Punctuation Can Be Addressed with Three Principles | |
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Teachers Should Point Out Interesting and Effective Student Sentences | |
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Good Writers, Good Readers, and Good Teachers Understand the Options Grammar Gives Us to Construct Sentences | |
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Exercises | |
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Answer Key | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |