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| Preface | |
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| Biological anthropology and the scientific method | |
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| Background | |
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| Scientific inquiry | |
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| Critical thinking | |
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| Hypothesis, fact and theory | |
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| Epistemology and the scientific method | |
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| Evolutionary theory | |
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| Background | |
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| Evolutionary theory | |
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| Natural selection | |
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| Genetic drift and gene flow | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Darwinian medicine, fertility, and health | |
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| Pathogens | |
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| Microbial communities | |
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| Human reproduction | |
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| Explain these evolutionary scenarios | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Background | |
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| Mendelian inheritance | |
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| Mendelian versus polygenic traits | |
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| Protein synthesis | |
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| Cellular reproduction | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Prediction in genetics | |
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| ABO blood group | |
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| Hardy-Weinberg | |
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| Autosomal and sex-lined traits | |
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| Genotype and phenotype | |
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| Punnett Squares, ABO and Hardy-Weinberg | |
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| Human osteology | |
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| The human skeleton | |
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| Vertebral column | |
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| Pelvis | |
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| Pectoral girdle | |
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| Appendicular skeleton | |
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| Skull | |
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| Worksheet for Lab 4: Identification of features | |
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| Quiz on skeletal features | |
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| Estimating age and sex | |
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| Aging nonadults | |
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| Aging adults | |
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| Sex estimation | |
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| Age and sex estimation in Homo sapiens | |
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| Living Primates | |
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| Background | |
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| Diet, locomotion and social behavior | |
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| Primate Taxonomy | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Methods for observing primate behavior | |
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| Sampling procedures | |
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| Formats for recording observations | |
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| Testing research questions | |
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| Social behavior categories | |
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| Observing primates | |
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| Diet, morphology and body size | |
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| Primate classification and comparative anatomy | |
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| Background | |
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| Phylogeny and taxonomy | |
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| Co-opting of traits | |
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| Phylogeny worksheet | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Functional and craniodental anatomy | |
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| Functional anatomy | |
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| Teeth | |
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| Sexual dimorphism | |
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| Laboratory 6: Comparative anatomy | |
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| Dating methods and paleoecology | |
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| Background | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Dating methods and habitat reconstruction | |
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| Stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and biochronology | |
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| Chronometric dating | |
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| Fluorine dating | |
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| Paleomagnetic dating | |
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| South African caves | |
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| East African stratigraphic sequences | |
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| Reconstructing the context of the remains | |
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| Dating fossils and interpreting diet | |
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| Primate evolution | |
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| Background | |
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| Precambrian | |
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| Paleozoic era | |
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| Mesozoic era | |
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| Cenozoic era | |
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| Laboratory introduction: The primate fossil record | |
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| Early primates | |
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| Anthropoids | |
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| Apes | |
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| Early bipeds | |
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| Ceropithecid monkeys | |
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| The evolution of primates, Eocene to Miocene | |
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| Last common ancestor and bipedalism | |
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| Background | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Anatomy of bipedalism | |
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| Structure and function of bipedal locomotion | |
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| Australopithecus | |
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| Background | |
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| South African Australopithecus | |
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| Robust australopithecines | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Plio-Pleistocene Australopithecus | |
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| Craniofacial anatomy of Australopithecus | |
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| Early Homo and Homo erectus | |
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| Background | |
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| Increasing brain size | |
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| Life ways | |
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| Migration out of Africa | |
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| Laboratory introduction: The evolution and extinction of Homo erectus | |
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| History of discovery | |
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| Taxonomy | |
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| Cranial morphology | |
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| Pleistocene Homo | |
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| Archaic H. sapiens | |
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| Background | |
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| Isolation and Homo floresiensis | |
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| Neandertals | |
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| Historical perspectives | |
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| Skeletal traits | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Upper Pleistocene remains of late archaic humans | |
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| Growth and development | |
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| Neurocranium | |
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| Face | |
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| Postcranium | |
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| Morphology, development and paleodemography in Archaic H. sapiens | |
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| Modern human origins | |
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| Background | |
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| Modernity | |
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| Evolution of language | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Archaic and modern H. sapiens | |
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| Modern humans and their relatives | |
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| Human variation | |
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| Background | |
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| Australia and the Americas | |
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| Categorical race and the type concept | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Adaptive and nonadaptive patterns of human variation | |
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| Skin complexion | |
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| Clinal distributions | |
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| Male and female | |
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| Human variation | |
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| Forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology | |
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| Background | |
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| Age, sex and stature estimation | |
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| Stature | |
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| Ancestry | |
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| Bioarchaeology | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Skeletal trauma and pathology | |
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| Mock cases and skeletal pathology | |
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| Human adaptation | |
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| Background | |
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| Laboratory introduction: Life history theory | |
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| Human growth and development | |
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| Adult stature | |
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| Life expectancy with respect to subsistence patterns | |
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| The grandmother and embodied capital hypotheses | |
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| Maturation and mortality | |
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| Primate fossil record and geological time scale in millions of years (mya) | |
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| Assessment of learning outcomes | |
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| Textbook correlation table | |
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| Optional laboratory using statistics | |
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| Materials for labs | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |