| |
| |
| |
| Moral Foundations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moral Norms | |
| |
| |
| Normative and Nonnormative Ethics | |
| |
| |
| The Common Morality as Universal Morality | |
| |
| |
| Particular Moralities as Nonuniversal | |
| |
| |
| Moral Dilemmas | |
| |
| |
| A Framework of Moral Norms | |
| |
| |
| Conflicting Moral Norms | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moral Character | |
| |
| |
| Moral Virtues | |
| |
| |
| Virtues in Professional Roles | |
| |
| |
| The Virtue of Caring | |
| |
| |
| Five Focal Virtues | |
| |
| |
| Moral Virtues and Action Guides | |
| |
| |
| Moral Ideals | |
| |
| |
| Moral Excellence | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moral Status | |
| |
| |
| The Problem of Moral Status | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Moral Status | |
| |
| |
| From Theories to Practical Guidelines | |
| |
| |
| Vulnerable Populations | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moral Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Respect for Autonomy | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Autonomy | |
| |
| |
| The Capacity for Autonomous Choice | |
| |
| |
| The Meaning and Justification of Informed Consent | |
| |
| |
| Disclosure | |
| |
| |
| Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Voluntariness | |
| |
| |
| A Framework of Standards for Surrogate Decision Making | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonmaleficence | |
| |
| |
| The Concept of Nonmaleficence | |
| |
| |
| Distinctions and Rules Governing Nontreatment | |
| |
| |
| Optional Treatments and Obligatory Treatments | |
| |
| |
| Killing and Letting Die | |
| |
| |
| The Justification of Intentionally Arranged Deaths | |
| |
| |
| Protecting Incompetent Patients | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beneficence | |
| |
| |
| The Concept of Beneficence | |
| |
| |
| Obligatory Beneficence and Ideal Beneficence | |
| |
| |
| Paternalism: Conflicts between Beneficence and Autonomy | |
| |
| |
| Balancing Benefits, Costs, and Risks | |
| |
| |
| The Value and Quality of Life | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Justice | |
| |
| |
| The Concept of Justice | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Justice | |
| |
| |
| Fair Opportunity and Unfair Discrimination | |
| |
| |
| Vulnerability and Exploitation | |
| |
| |
| National Health Policy and the Right to Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Global Health Policy and the Right to Health | |
| |
| |
| Allocating, Setting Priorities, and Rationing | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Professional-Patient Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Veracity | |
| |
| |
| Privacy | |
| |
| |
| Confidentiality | |
| |
| |
| Fidelity | |
| |
| |
| The Dual Roles of Clinician and Investigator | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theory and Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moral Theories | |
| |
| |
| Criteria for Theory Construction | |
| |
| |
| Utilitarianism | |
| |
| |
| Kantianism | |
| |
| |
| Rights Theory | |
| |
| |
| Communitarianism | |
| |
| |
| Convergence of Theories | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Method and Moral | |
| |
| |
| Justification | |
| |
| |
| Justification in Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Top-Down Models: Theory and Application | |
| |
| |
| Bottom-Up Models: Cases and Analogy | |
| |
| |
| An Integrated Model Using Reflective Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| Common-Morality Theory | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Index | |