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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction: Why the Middle Ages Matter | |
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| The Early Middle Ages: The Third through Ninth Centuries | |
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| The Roman World at Its Height | |
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| The Geography of Empire | |
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| The Role of the Military | |
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| Roman Society | |
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| Roman Government | |
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| The Challenges of the Third Century | |
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| Reform, Recovery, Persecution, and Favor | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Rise of Christianity | |
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| Before Christ | |
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| The Growth of the New Religion | |
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| The Problem of Persecution | |
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| The Problem of Heresy | |
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| Constantine and Theodosius: An Imperial Church | |
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| Responses to Imperialization | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Early Germanic Society | |
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| Germanic Life | |
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| Migrations and Invasions | |
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| Europe's First Kingdoms | |
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| Germanic Christianity and the Fourth "Doctor of the Church" | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Cloister and Culture | |
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| The Rise of Monasticism in the East | |
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| The Rise of Monasticism in the West | |
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| Cultural Life in the West: Cassiodorus, Boethius, and St. Benedict | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Emergence of the Medieval Worlds | |
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| Continuity and Change in Northern Europe | |
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| Continuity and Change in the Mediterranean | |
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| The Rise of Islam | |
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| A Tripartite World | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Carolingian Era | |
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| The "Do-Nothing" Kings and the Rise of the Carolingians | |
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| The Carolingian Monarchy | |
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| Carolingian Administration | |
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| Carolingian Society | |
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| The Carolingian Cultural Renewal | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Central Middle Ages: The Tenth through Twelfth Centuries | |
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| The Time of Troubles | |
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| Trouble from Within | |
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| Trouble from the North | |
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| Trouble from the East | |
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| Trouble from the South | |
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| The End of the World? | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Revolutions on Land and Sea | |
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| Changes on the Land | |
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| A Peasant Society Emerges | |
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| Changes on the Sea | |
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| A Maritime Society Emerges | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| A New Europe Emerges: North and South | |
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| The Rise of Feudal Society | |
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| The First German Empire | |
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| The Rise of Capetian France | |
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| The Anglo-Norman Realm | |
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| The Spanish Kingdoms | |
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| The Italian Scene | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Reform of the Church | |
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| The Origins of the Reform | |
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| The Papal Revolution | |
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| Christendom and the East | |
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| Monastic Reforms | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Renaissances of the Twelfth Century | |
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| Aristotle, Anselm, Abelard, and Ibn Rushd | |
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| Law and Canon Law | |
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| The Recovery of Science | |
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| The Rise of the Universities | |
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| Courtly Life, Love, and Literature | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Papal Monarchy | |
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| Church against State Once More | |
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| The Consolidation of Papal Authority | |
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| The Revival of Heresy | |
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| The Albigensian Crusade and the Origins of the Inquisition | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Late Middle Ages: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries | |
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| Politics in the Thirteenth Century | |
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| The Rise of Representative Institutions | |
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| England and France | |
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| Germany, Italy, and the Papacy | |
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| The New Mediterranean Superpowers | |
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| Byzantium and Islam in the Thirteenth Century | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Art and Intellect in the Thirteenth Century | |
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| Scholasticism | |
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| The Gothic Vision | |
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| Science and Technology | |
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| Aspects of Popular Culture | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Daily Life at the Medieval Zenith | |
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| Economic Changes | |
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| Peasants' Lives | |
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| Townsfolks' Lives | |
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| The Question of Literacy | |
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| Sex and the City (and the Town, and the Village) | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Changes in Religious Life | |
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| The Importance of Being Penitent | |
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| The Importance of Being Poor | |
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| The Humanization of Christ and the Cult of the Virgin | |
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| Mysticism | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Crises of the Fourteenth Century | |
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| Economic Difficulties | |
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| The Great Famine | |
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| The Black Death | |
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| War Everywhere | |
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| Challenges to Church Unity | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Signs of a New Era | |
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| William of Ockham | |
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| Marsilius of Padua | |
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| Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer | |
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| Christine de Pizan | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Two Epilogues | |
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| Closings In, Closings Out | |
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| The Last Years of Byzantium | |
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| The Search for a New Route to the East | |
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| Closing In on Muslim Spain | |
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| The Expulsions of the Jews | |
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| Closing In Forever: The Forced Cloistering of Women Religious | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Renaissance in Medieval Context | |
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| Economies New and Old circa 1400 | |
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| The Meaning of Humanism | |
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| The Canonization of Classical Culture | |
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| The Rejection of the Middle Ages | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| The Medieval Popes | |
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| The Carolingians | |
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| The Capetians | |
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| France: The Valois | |
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| England: The Norman and Plantagenet Dynasties | |
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| England: The Lancastrian And Yorkist Dynasties | |
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| Germany: The Ottonian, Salian, And Hohenstaufen Dynasties | |
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| Germany: The Late Medieval Emperors | |
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| The Spanish Kingdoms, 1000-1250 | |
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| The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250-1500 | |
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| The Emperors In Constantinople | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |