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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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About the Authors | |
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Introduction Understanding Childhood Socialization | |
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Introduction | |
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Complexities of Childhood Socialization | |
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Limitations of the Study of Socialization | |
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Organization of the Book | |
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References | |
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Studying Children | |
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Competing Images of Children and Childhood | |
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The Natural Development of Children | |
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The Social Inculcation of Children | |
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The Social Construction of Children | |
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Appreciating the Complexities of Childrens' Lives | |
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Methods of Studying Children | |
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References | |
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Foundations of Socialization | |
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Isolated Children | |
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The Human Organism | |
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An Ongoing Society | |
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References | |
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Cultural and Historical Constructions of Childhood | |
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Socialization in Cross-Cultural Perspective | |
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Children in Non-Western Societies | |
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The History of Western Childhood | |
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Continuing Cultural Contrasts: Japan and the United States | |
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References | |
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Basic Processes and Outcomes of Socialization | |
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Society and Socialization | |
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Emotionally Significant Relationships | |
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Communication | |
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Symbols, Language, and Interaction | |
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Language and Memory | |
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Conversation | |
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Language Mastery | |
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The Significance of Significant Others | |
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Development of the Self | |
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Play Stage and Game Stage | |
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Time and Outcomes of Socialization | |
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More About the Self | |
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Self-Concept, Identity, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy | |
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Sentiments and Emotions | |
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Values and the Self | |
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Incipient Adult Roles | |
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Truncated Childhood, Premature Adulthood | |
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A Stock of Social Knowledge | |
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References | |
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Agencies of Socialization | |
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Introduction | |
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References | |
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Families | |
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Some Cross-Cultural Comparisons | |
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Families in the Community | |
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Families as Groups of Interacting Persons | |
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Family Composition and Interaction | |
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Two-Parent First-Marriage Families | |
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Stepfamilies | |
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Single Mothers | |
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Teenage Mothers | |
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Siblings | |
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Grandparents in the Twenty-First Century | |
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References | |
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Schools | |
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Preschools and Daycare Centers | |
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Head Start | |
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Daycare Centers | |
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School and Society | |
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The Classroom as an Organization | |
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Authority | |
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Class Size | |
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Evaluation | |
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Moral Climate | |
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Family-School Interaction | |
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References | |
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Peer Groups | |
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Peer Culture | |
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Play | |
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Sports | |
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Peer Group Structures and Processes | |
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Play Groups | |
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Friendships | |
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Cliques | |
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Bullying | |
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References | |
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Media of Mass Communication | |
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The Major Issues | |
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Viewing as an Activity | |
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Violent Program Content and Children's Aggression | |
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The Power of Advertising | |
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Gender and Racial Stereotyping | |
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Research Methods in Television Studies | |
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Experiments | |
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Surveys | |
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Content Analysis | |
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Audience Interpretive Response | |
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Theories of the Relationship Between Children and Television | |
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Uses and Gratifications | |
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Cultivation Theory | |
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Semiotics | |
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Computers, the Internet, and Video Games | |
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Access to Computers | |
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Implications for Socialization | |
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Video Games | |
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Computers, Parental Authority, and Children's Autonomy | |
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References | |
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Diversities of Socialization | |
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Introduction | |
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References | |
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Social Class | |
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Upper Class | |
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Upper-Middle Class | |
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Middle Class | |
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Working Class | |
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Working Poor | |
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The Underclass | |
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Social Class and Individualism | |
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References | |
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Ethnic Groups, Minorities, and Neighborhood Communities | |
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African American Socialization | |
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White European Ethnic Groups | |
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Hispanic, Caribbean, and Asian Immigrants | |
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Neighborhood Communities | |
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References | |
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Sex, Gender, and Socialization | |
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Sex Category and Social Organization | |
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Sex and the Social Division of Labor | |
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Sex and Gender Hierarchies | |
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The Biology of Sex | |
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The Development of Sex-Related Characteristics | |
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Nature and Nuture | |
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Socialization Processes and Agents | |
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Family Interaction | |
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The Media | |
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Preschools and Schools | |
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Peer Relations and Cultures | |
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The Complexities of Gender Socialization | |
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References | |
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Continuities With and Discontinuities From Childhood | |
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Introduction | |
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Looking Back and Looking Ahead | |
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Socialization in Adolescence | |
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Continuities | |
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Socialization in Adult Life | |
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Continuities | |
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Socialization in Aging and Death | |
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Continuities | |
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References | |
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Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |