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| New to this edition | |
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| New translation | |
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| Each chapter ends with a Summary and Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography, and Further Reading | |
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| Preface | |
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| History of Philosophy | |
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| Introduction: Philosophy | |
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| Socrates | |
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| Aristophanes, from The Clouds | |
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| Plato, from The Apology; from The Crito; from The Phaedo; from The Republic | |
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| What Is Philosophy? | |
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| Plato, from The Apology | |
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| Karl Jaspers, from "The 'Axial Period'" | |
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| Tao Te Ching | |
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| A Modern Approach to Philosophy | |
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| Rene Descartes, from Discourse on Method | |
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| A | |
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| Deductive Arguments | |
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| Inductive Arguments | |
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| Argument by Analogy | |
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| Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, "Logical Possibility," and Arguments by Counter-example | |
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| Reductio ad Absurdum | |
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| The Most Insidious Kinds of Fallacies | |
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| The World And Beyond | |
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| Reality | |
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| "The Way The World Really Is" | |
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| Aristotle, from Metaphysics | |
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| The First Greek Philosophers | |
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| The Ionian Naturalists | |
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| Monism, Materialism, and Immaterial "Stuff" | |
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| Heraclitus | |
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| Democritus, Atoms, and Pluralism | |
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| Animism | |
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| Pythagoras | |
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| The Appearance/Reality Distinction | |
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| Parmenides | |
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| Parmenides, from Fragments | |
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| The Sophists | |
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| Metaphysics | |
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| Ultimate Reality in the East: India, Persia, and China | |
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| Reality as Spirit: The Upanishads | |
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| From Upanishads | |
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| Reality, Good, and Evil: Zarathustra | |
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| From Zend-Avesta | |
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| Confucius | |
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| Confucius, from The Analects | |
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| Lao-zi, or the Poets of the Dao De Jing | |
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| Lao-zi, from Dao De Jing | |
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| Buddha | |
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| Buddha, from "Fire-Sermon" | |
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| Two Kinds of Metaphysics: Plato and Aristotle | |
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| Plato | |
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| Plato, from The Symposium; from The Republic; from The Meno | |
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| Aristotle | |
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| Aristotle, from Metaphysics; from Physics; from Metaphysics | |
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| Modern Metaphysics | |
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| Rene Descartes | |
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| Rene Descartes, On Substance; from "Meditation VI" | |
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| Benedictus de Spinoza | |
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| Benedictus de Spinoza, from Ethics | |
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| Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz | |
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| Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from Monadology | |
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| From "The Fundamental Question of Metaphysics" | |
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| On the Plurality of Worlds | |
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| Religion | |
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| What is Religion? | |
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| From "Gods" | |
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| On the Design of the Universe | |
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| From "What Is Religion?" | |
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| B | |
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| The Traditional Conception of God | |
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| Proving God: The Ontological Argument | |
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| On the Ontological Argument | |
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| Rene Descartes, on the Ontological Argument | |
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| Immanuel Kant, Against the Ontological Argument | |
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| On the Ontological Argument | |
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| God as Creator: Intelligence and Design | |
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| Aquinas, on the Cosmological Argument | |
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| On the "Fifth Way" | |
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| On an Imperfect Universe | |
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| From The Mind of God | |
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| On the "Fine-Tuning" Argument | |
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| Religion and "Practical Reason" | |
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| On God and Morality | |
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| From "The Will to Believe" | |
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| The Problem of Evil | |
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| From Confessions | |
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| Hinduism, Bud | |