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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Culture Concept | |
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| A Biocultural Perspective | |
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| Looking Ahead | |
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| Anthropological Perspectives on Health and Disease | |
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| Definitions of Health | |
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| Disease | |
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| Illness | |
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| Sickness | |
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| The Locus of Health: The Body and Society | |
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| Biological/Medical Normalcy | |
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| Evolutionary Perspectives on Health | |
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| Adaptability | |
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| Behavioral Adaptability | |
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| Cultural Approaches in Medical Anthropology | |
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| Power Differentials and Health | |
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| Ethnomedical Systems | |
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| Interpretive Approaches to Illness and Suffering | |
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| Applied Medical Anthropology | |
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| Epidemiology | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Healers and Healing | |
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| Culture and Healing Systems | |
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| Recruitment: How Healers Become Healers | |
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| Alternative and Complementary Medicines | |
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| Acupuncture | |
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| Chiropractic | |
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| Navajo Medicine | |
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| When Biomedicine Is Alternative Medicine | |
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| Death as a Biocultural Concept | |
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| Placebo and Nocebo | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Diet and Nutrition in Health and Disease | |
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| Fundamentals of Nutrition | |
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| Digestive Physiology | |
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| An Evolutionary Approach to Nutrition | |
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| Nutrition and Chronic Diseases | |
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| Obesity | |
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| Diabetes | |
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| Lactose Intolerance | |
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| Salt and Hypertension | |
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| Celiac Disease | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Growth and Development | |
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| Life History Theory | |
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| Gestation: The First 40 Weeks of Growth and Development | |
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| Infancy | |
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| Childhood | |
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| Small but Healthy? | |
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| Is Bigger Better? | |
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| Puberty and the Onset of Adolescence | |
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| Teenage Pregnancy in the United States | |
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| Sex, Gender, Growth and Health | |
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| Environmental Toxins and Growth | |
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| The End of Childhood: Transitions to Adulthood | |
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| Reproductive Health | |
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| Medicalization of Women's Health and Reproductive Health | |
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| Menstruation | |
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| Premenstrual Syndrome | |
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| Determinants of Fertility | |
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| Infertility | |
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| Falling Sperm Counts: Environmental Causes of Male Reproductive Health Problems | |
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| Female Genital Cutting | |
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| Pregnancy | |
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| Birth | |
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| Mothering | |
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| Menopause | |
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| Reproductive Events and Breast Cancer Risk | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Aging | |
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| The Aging Body | |
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| Physiological Theories of Aging | |
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| Somatic Mutations | |
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| Free Radicals | |
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| Wear and Degeneration | |
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| Evolutionary Theories of Aging | |
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| The Aging Brain | |
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| Extending Life? Caloric Restriction and an Okinawa Case Study | |
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| Health, Illness, and the Cultural Construction of Aging | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Infectious Disease: Introduction to Pathogens and the Immune System | |
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| Koch's Postulates | |
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| Taxonomy of Infectious Disease | |
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| Viruses | |
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| Bacteria | |
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| Protozoa | |
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| Fungi | |
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| Worms | |
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| Prions | |
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| How Pathogens Spread | |
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| Human Defenses against Pathogens | |
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| The Immune Response | |
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| How Does the Immune System Recognize Pathogens? | |
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| How Does the Immune System Respond to a Recognized Pathogen? | |
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| Pathogen Strategies for Avoiding Immune Destruction | |
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| Concealment | |
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| Antigenic Drift and Shift | |
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| Immunosuppression | |
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| Variation in Immune Response | |
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| Variation in the MHC | |
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| Undernutrition and Immune Response | |
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| Allergies and Asthma: Relationship to Infectious Disease Exposure? | |
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| The Hygiene Hypothesis | |
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| The Helminth Hypothesis | |
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| Variation in Pathogen Virulence | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Historical Perspectives on Infectious Disease in Human Populations | |
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| Origins of Infections in Humans | |
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| Agriculture's Effects on Infectious Disease | |
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| The Globalization of Infection | |
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| Smallpox | |
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| Colonization in the Tropics | |
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| Immigration, War, and Infection | |
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| Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare | |
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| The 1918 Influenza Epidemic | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Emerging and Resurging Infections: Biocultural Interactions between Humans and Pathogens | |
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| Emergent and Resurgent Diseases | |
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| Malaria: An Early "Emergent" Disease | |
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| Malaria Life Cycle and Pathogencity | |
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| Genetic Adaptations to Malaria | |
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| Behavioral Adaptations to Malaria | |
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| Efforts to Control Malaria | |
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| Malaria as a Resurgent Disease | |
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| Cholera | |
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| Genetic Adaptation to Cholera: Cystic Fibrosis Alleles | |
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| Ecology of Cholera Resurgence | |
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| Dams and Infectious Disease | |
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| Onchocerciasis | |
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| Schistosomiasis | |
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| HIV/AIDS: A New Disease | |
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| How HIV Works | |
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| Cultural Responses to HIV | |
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| Origins of HIV | |
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| Tuberculosis: A Resurgent Disease | |
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| Biology and Pathogenicity of TB | |
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| TB as a Resurgent Disease | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Stress, Social Inequality, and Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Health Disparities | |
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| Biology of the Stress Response | |
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| The Nervous System Stress Response | |
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| The Hormonal Stress Response | |
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| Why Is Stress Different for Humans? | |
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| Stress and Biological Normalcy | |
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| Stress and Health | |
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| Cardiovascular Disease | |
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| Immune Function | |
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| Immunosuppression | |
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| Autoimmunity | |
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| Child Growth | |
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| Inequality, Stress, and Health | |
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| Relative Status | |
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| Social Cohesion | |
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| Social Support | |
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| Race and Ethnicity and Health in the United States | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Mental Health and Illness | |
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| The Medical Model in Biocultural Context | |
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| Culture-Bound Syndromes | |
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| Eating Disorders | |
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| ADHD and Culture | |
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| Mood Disorders | |
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| Depression | |
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| Bipolar Disorder and Creativity | |
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| Schizophrenia | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Epilogue: The Relevance of Medical Anthropology | |
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| What Can I Do Next if I Am Interested in Medical Anthropology? | |
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| Graduate Programs in Anthropology | |
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| Public Health programs | |
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| Medical Schools and Clinical Health Professions | |
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| Work in Governmental and Nongovernmental Health Agencies | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Index | |