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| Elements of Communication | |
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| Human Communication: What And Why | |
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| Communication Defined | |
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| Communication Is Human | |
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| Communication Is a Process | |
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| Communication Is Symbolic | |
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| Types of Communication | |
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| Intrapersonal Communication | |
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| Dyadic/Interpersonal Communication | |
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| Small Group Communication | |
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| Public Communication | |
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| Mass Communicaton | |
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| Functions of Communication | |
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| Physical Needs | |
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| Identity Needs | |
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| Social Needs | |
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| Practical Needs | |
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| Modeling Communication | |
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| A Linear Model | |
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| A Transactional Model | |
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| Communication Competence: What Makes an Effective Communicator? | |
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| Communication Competence Defined | |
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| Characteristics of Competent Communicators | |
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| Clarifying Misconceptions About Communication | |
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| Communication Does Not Always Require Complete Understanding | |
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| Communication Is Not Always a Good Thing | |
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| No Single Person or Event Causes Another's Reaction | |
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| Communication Will Not Solve All Problems | |
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| Meanings Rest in People, Not Words | |
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| Communication Is Not Simple | |
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| More Communication Is Not Always Better | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Perception, The Self, and Communication | |
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| Perceiving Others | |
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| Narratives and Perception | |
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| Common Perceptual Tendencies | |
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| Situational Factors Influencing Perception | |
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| Perception and Culture | |
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| Empathy and Perception | |
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| Perceiving the Self | |
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| Self-Concept Defined | |
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| Communication and Development of the Self | |
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| Culture and the Self-Concept | |
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| The Self-Concept, Personality, and Communication | |
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| The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | |
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| Identity Management: Communication as Impression Management | |
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| Public and Private Selves | |
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| Characteristics of Identity Management | |
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| Why Manage Impressions? | |
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| How Do We Manage Impressions? | |
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| Impression Management and Honesty | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Language | |
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| The Nature of Language | |
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| Language Is Symbolic | |
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| Meanings Are in People, Not Words | |
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| Language Is Rule-Governed | |
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| The Power of Language | |
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| Language Shapes Attitudes | |
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| Language Reflects Attitudes | |
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| Troublesome Language | |
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| The Language of Misunderstandings | |
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| Disruptive Language | |
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| Evasive Language | |
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| Gender and Language | |
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| Content | |
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| Reasons for Communicating | |
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| Conversational Style | |
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| Nongender Variables | |
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| Culture and Language | |
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| Verbal Communication Styles | |
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| Language and Worldview | |
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| Language Use in North American Culture | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Listening | |
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| Misconceptions About Listening | |
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| Listening and Hearing Are Not the Same Thing | |
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| Listening Is Not a Natural Process | |
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| Listening Requires Effort | |
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| All Listeners Do Not Receive the Same Message | |
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| Overcoming Challenges to Effective Listening | |
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| Faulty Listening Behaviors | |
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| Reasons For Poor Listening | |
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| Personal Listening Styles | |
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| Content-Oriented | |
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| People-Oriented | |
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| Action-Oriented | |
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| Time-Oriented | |
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| Informational Listening | |
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| Don't Argue or Judge Prematurely | |
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| Separate the Message from the Speaker | |
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| Be Opportunistic | |
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| Look for Key Ideas | |
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| Ask Questions | |
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| Paraphrase | |
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| Take Notes | |
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| Critical Listening | |
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| Listen for Information Before Evaluating | |
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| Evaluate the Speaker's Credibility | |
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| Examine the Speaker's Evidence and Reasoning | |
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| Examine Emotional Appeals | |
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| Empathic Listening | |
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| Advising | |
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| Judging | |
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| Analyzing | |
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| Questioning | |
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| Supporting | |
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| Prompting | |
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| Paraphrasing | |
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| When and How to Help? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Nonverbal Communication Exists | |
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| Nonverbal Behavior Has Communicative Value | |
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| Nonverbal Communication Is Primarily Relational | |
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| Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous | |
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| Nonverbal Communication Is Different from Verbal Communication | |
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| Nonverbal Skills Are Important | |
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| Influences on Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Culture | |
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| Gender | |
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| Functions of Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Repeating | |
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| Substituting | |
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| Complementing | |
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| Accenting | |
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| Regulating | |
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| Contradicting | |
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| Deceiving | |
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| Types of Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Posture and Gesture | |
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| Face and Eyes | |
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| Voice | |
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| Touch | |
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| Physical Attractiveness | |
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| Clothing | |
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| Distance | |
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| Time | |
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| Territoriality | |
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| Environment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Interpersonal Communication | |
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| Understanding Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Characteristics of Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| What Makes Communication Interpersonal? | |
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| Interpersonal Communication and the Internet | |
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| Content and Relational Messages | |
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| Metacommunication | |
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| Intimacy in Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Dimensions of Intimacy | |
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| Male and Female Intimacy Styles | |
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| Cultural Influences on Intimacy | |
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| Relational Development and Maintenance | |
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| A Developmental Perspective | |
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| A Dialectical Perspective | |
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| Characteristics of Relational Development and Maintenance | |
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| Self-Disclosure in Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Models of Self-Disclosure | |
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| Characteristics of Effective Self-Disclosure | |
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| Guidelines for Appropriate Self-Disclosure | |
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| Alternatives to Self-Disclosure | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Improving Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Communication Climates in Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Confirming and Disconfirming Messages | |
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| How Communication Climates Develop | |
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| Creating Positive Communication Climates | |
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| Managing Interpersonal Conflict | |
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| The Nature of Conflict | |
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| Styles of Expressing Conflict | |
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| Characteristics of an Assertive Message | |
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| Gender and Conflict Style | |
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| Cultural Influences on Conflict | |
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| Methods of Conflict Resolution | |
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| Steps in Win-Win Problem Solving | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Communication in Groups | |
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| The Nature of Groups | |
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| What Is a Group? | |
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| Interaction | |
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| Interdependence | |
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| Time | |
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| Size | |
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| Goals | |
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| Goals of Groups and Their Members | |
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| Individual Goals | |
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| Group Goals | |
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| Types of Groups | |
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| Learning Groups | |
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| Problem-Solving Groups | |
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| Social Groups | |
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| Growth Groups | |
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| Characteristics of Groups | |
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| Rules and Norms | |
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| Roles | |
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| Patterns of Interaction | |
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| Decision-Making Methods | |
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| Cultural Influences on Group Communication | |
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| Individualism versus Collectivism | |
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| Power Distance | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance | |
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| Task versus Social Orientation | |
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| Short- versus Long-Term Orientation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Solving Problems in Groups | |
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| Problem Solving in Groups: When and Why | |
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| Advantages of Group Problem Solving | |
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| When to Use Groups for Problem Solving | |
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| Group Problem-Solving Formats | |
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| Types of Problem-Solving Groups | |
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| Computer-Mediated Groups | |
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| Approaches and Stages in Problem Solving | |
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| A Structured Problem-Solving Approach | |
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| Developmental Stages in Problem-Solving Groups | |
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| Maintaining Positive Relationships | |
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| Basic Skills | |
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| Building Cohesiveness | |
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| Leadership and Power in Groups | |
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| Power in Groups | |
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| What Makes Leaders Effective? | |
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| Overcoming Dangers in Group Discussion | |
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| Information Underload and Overload | |
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| Unequal Participation | |
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| Pressure to Conform | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Public Communication | |
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| Choosing and Developing a Topic | |
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| Choosing a Topic | |
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| Look for a Topic Early | |
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| Choose a Topic That Interests You | |
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| Defining Purpose | |
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| General Purpose | |
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| Specific Purpose | |
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| The Thesis Statement | |
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| Analyzing the Speaking Situation | |
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| The Listener: Audience Analysis | |
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| The Occasion | |
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| Gathering Information | |
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| Internet Research | |
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| Library Research | |
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| Interviewing | |
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| Personal Observation | |
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| Survey Research | |
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| Sample Speech | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Organization and Support | |
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| Structuring the Speech | |
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| Working Outline | |
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| Formal Outline | |
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| Speaking Notes | |
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| Principles of Outlining | |
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| Standard Symbols | |
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| Standard Format | |
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| The Rule of Division | |
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| The Rule of Parallel Wording | |
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| Organizing Your Points in a Logical Order | |
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| Using Transitions | |
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| Beginning and Ending the Speech | |
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| The Introduction | |
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| The Conclusion | |
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| Supporting Material | |
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| Functions of Supporting Material | |
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| Types of Supporting Material | |
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| Styles of Support: Narration and Citation | |
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| Using Visual Aids | |
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| Types of Visual Aids | |
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| Media for the Presentation of Visual Aids | |
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| Rules for Using Visual Aids | |
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| Sample Speech | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Presenting Your Message | |
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| Dealing with Stage Fright | |
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| Facilitative and Debilitative Stage Fright | |
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| Sources of Debilitative Stage Fright | |
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| Overcoming Debilitative Stage Fright | |
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| Types of Delivery | |
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| Extemporaneous | |
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| Impromptu | |
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| Manuscript | |
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| Memorized | |
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| Practicing the Speech | |
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| Guidelines for Delivery | |
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| Visual Aspects of Delivery | |
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| Auditory Aspects of Delivery | |
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| Offering Constructive Criticism | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Informative Speaking | |
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| Types of Informative Speaking | |
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| By Content | |
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| By Purpose | |
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| Informative Versus Persuasive Topics | |
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| An Informative Topic Tends to Be Noncontroversial | |
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| The Informative Speaker Does Not Intend to Change Audience Attitudes | |
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| Techniques of Informative Speaking | |
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| Define a Specific Informative Purpose | |
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| Create Information Hunger | |
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| Make It Easy to Listen | |
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| Emphasize Important Points | |
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| Use a Clear Organization and Structure | |
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| Use Supporting Material Effectively | |
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| Use Clear, Simple Language | |
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| Generate Audience Involvement | |
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| Sample Speech | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Persuasive Speaking | |
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| Characteristics of Persuasion | |
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| Persuasion Is Not Coercive | |
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| Persuasion Is Usually Incremental | |
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| Persuasion Is Interactive | |
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| Persuasion Can Be Ethical | |
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| Categorizing Types of Persuasion | |
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| By Types of Proposition | |
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| By Desired Outcome | |
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| By Directness of Approach | |
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| Creating the Persuasive Message | |
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| Set a Clear, Persuasive Purpose | |
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| Structure the Message Carefully | |
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| Use Solid Evidence | |
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| Avoid Fallacies | |
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| Adapting to the Audience | |
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| Establish Common Ground | |
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| Organize According to the Expected Response | |
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| Neutralize Potential Hostility | |
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| Building Credibility as a Speaker | |
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| Competence | |
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| Character | |
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| Charisma | |
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| Sample Speech | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Activities | |
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| For Further Exploration | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Interviewing | |
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| The Nature of Interviewing | |
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| Interviewing Defined | |
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| How Interviewing Differs from Conversation | |
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| Planning the Interview | |
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| The Interviewer's Role | |
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| The Interviewee's Role | |
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| Conducting the Interview | |
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| Stages of an Interview | |
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| The Interviewer's Responsibilities | |
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| The Interviewee's Responsibilities | |
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| The Selection Interview | |
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| Employment Strategies | |
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| Tips for the Interviewee | |
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| The Information Gathering Interview | |
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| Prepare for the Interview | |
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| Choose the Right Interviewee | |
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| Informational Interviewing Tips | |
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| Other Interview Types | |
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| The Persuasive Interview | |