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| Characteristics of Human Cancer | |
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| What Everyone Wants to Know about Cancer | |
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| Patients | |
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| Physicians and Health Care Professionals | |
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| Cancer Researchers | |
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| What is Cancer? | |
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| Definition of Cancer | |
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| Description of Cancer | |
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| What Significant Events Have Happened in Cancer Research in the Last 20 Years? | |
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| Basic Facts about Cancer | |
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| Hallmarks of Malignant Diseases | |
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| Classification of Human Cancers | |
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| Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Neoplasms | |
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| Grade and Stage of Neoplasms | |
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| Histologic Grade of Malignancy | |
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| Tumor Staging | |
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| Causes of Cancer | |
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| The Theory of "Hits" | |
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| Chemical Carcinogenesis | |
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| Historical Perspectives | |
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| Metabolic Activation of Chemical Carcinogens | |
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| Donors of simple alkyl groups | |
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| Cytochrome P-450-mediated activation | |
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| 2-acetylaminofluorene | |
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| Other aromatic amines | |
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| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | |
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| DNA Adduct Formation | |
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| Interaction of Chemical Carcinogens with Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes | |
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| Carcinogen-Induced Epigenetic Changes | |
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| Tumor Initiation, Promotion, and Progression | |
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| Mechanisms of tumor initiation | |
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| Endogenous carcinogenesis | |
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| Mechanisms of tumor promotion and progression | |
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| Central dogma of tumor progression | |
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| Mechanisms of tumor-promoting agents | |
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| Experimental Models for the Study of Carcinogenesis | |
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| Validity of Tests for Carcinogenicity | |
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| Irradiation Carcinogenesis | |
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| Ionizing Radiation | |
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| Ultraviolet Radiation | |
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| Oxygen Free Radicals, Aging, and Cancer | |
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| Genetic Susceptibility and Cancer | |
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| Multiple Mutations in Cancer | |
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| DNA Repair Mechanisms | |
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| Viral Carcinogenesis | |
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| Historical Perspectives | |
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| Role of Viruses in the Causation of Human Cancer | |
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| Association of Epstein-Barr virus and human cancers | |
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| Hepatitis virus and hepatocellular carcinoma | |
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| Papillomaviruses and cervical cancer | |
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| HTLV-1 and adult T-cell leukemia | |
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| The Epidemiology of Human Cancer | |
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| Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality | |
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| U.S. Data | |
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| Cancer Is a Clobal Problem | |
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| Data for Some Prevalent Human Cancers | |
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| Lung Cancer | |
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| Breast Cancer | |
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| Colorectal Cancer | |
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| Liver Cancer | |
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| Pancreatic Cancer | |
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| Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract | |
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| Cervical cancer | |
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| Ovarian cancer | |
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| Endometrial cancer | |
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| Prostate Cancer | |
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| Urinary Bladder Cancer | |
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| Lymphoma | |
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| Leukemia | |
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| Skin Cancer | |
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| Cancers of the Central Nervous System | |
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| Role of Various Factors in the Development of Cancers | |
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| Cigarette Smoking | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Diet | |
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| Sexual Development, Reproductive Patterns, and Sexual Behavior | |
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| Industrial Chemicals and Occupational Cancers | |
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| Herbicides | |
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| Air and Water Pollutants | |
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| Radiation | |
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| Ultraviolet | |
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| Ionizing radiation | |
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| Radon | |
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| Drugs | |
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| Hormones | |
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| Infection | |
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| Aging and Cancer | |
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| Genetic Factors in Cancer | |
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| Inherited Cancers | |
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| Gene Environment Interactions | |
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| Avoidability of Cancer | |
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| Risk Assessment | |
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| The Great Cancer Myths | |
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| Passive Smoking | |
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| Radon in the Home | |
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| Cell Phones | |
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| Electromagnetic Fields | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Organochlorine Compounds, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Breast Cancer | |
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| Antiperspirants | |
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| Water Chlorination | |
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| Abortion or Miscarriage and Breast Cancer | |
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| Asbestos | |
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| Saccharin | |
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| Acrylamide in Foods | |
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| Alar | |
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| SV40 Virus in Early Polio Vaccines | |
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| The Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Cancer | |
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| Historical Perspectives | |
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| Growth Characteristics of Malignant Cells | |
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| Phenotypic Alterations in Cancer Cells | |
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| Immortality of Transformed Cells in Culture | |
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| Decreased Requirement for Growth Factors | |
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| Loss of Anchorage Dependence | |
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| Loss of Cell Cycle Control and Resistance to Apoptosis | |
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| Changes in Cell Membrane Structure and Function | |
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| Alterations in cell surface glycolipids, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and mucins | |
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| Role of glycosyl transferases and oligosaccharide processing enzymes | |
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| Mucins | |
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| Proteoglycans | |
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| Modification of Extracellular Matrix Components | |
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| Cell-Extracellular Matrix and Cell-Cell Adhesion | |
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| Cell Proliferation versus Differentiation | |
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| Mechanisms of Cellular Differentiation | |
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| Slime molds | |
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| Yeast | |
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| Sea urchin | |
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| Drosophilia melanogaster | |
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| Mouse | |
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| Pathways: getting to know all the players | |
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| Stimulation of cancer cell differentiation | |
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| Stem Cells | |
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| Cell Cycle Regulation | |
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| Historical Perspectives | |
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| The Molecular Players | |
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| Cyclin-dependent protein kinases | |
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| CDK inhibitors | |
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| Cyclins | |
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| Cell cycle checkpoints | |
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| Cell cycle regulatory factors as targets for anticancer agents | |
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| Apoptosis | |
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| Historical Perspectives | |
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| Biochemical Mechanisms of Apoptosis | |
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| Caspases | |
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| Bcl-2 family | |
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| Role of mitochondria in apoptosis | |
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| Anoikis | |
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| Resistance to Apoptosis in Cancer and Potential Targets for Therapy | |
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| Growth Factors | |
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| Historical Perspectives | |
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| Insulin | |
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| Insulin-Like Growth Factors | |
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| Nerve Growth Factor | |
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| Epidermal Growth Factor | |
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| Fibroblast Growth Factor | |
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| Platelet-Derived Growth Factor | |
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| Transforming Growth Factors | |
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| TGF-[alpha] | |
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| TGF-[Beta] | |
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| Hematopoietic Growth Factors | |
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| Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Scatter Factor | |
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| Miscellaneous Growth Factors | |
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| Signal Transduction Mechanisms | |
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| Some Key Signal Transduction Concepts | |
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| Transcriptional regulation by signal transduction | |
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| Protein-protein interaction domains | |
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| Spatial and temporal regulation | |
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| Signaling networks and crosstalk | |
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| Overview of Some Signal Transduction Pathways Important in Cancer | |
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| G protein-linked receptors | |
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| The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway | |
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| mTOR | |
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| Tyrosine kinase pathways | |
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| Protein phosphatases | |
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| JAK-STAT pathway | |
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| Estrogen receptor pathway | |
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| Hypoxia-inducible factor | |
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| Tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling | |
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| Tumor growth factor-[Beta] signal transduction | |
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| Heat shock protein-mediated events | |
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| Angiogenesis | |
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| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor | |
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| Platelet-Derived Growth Factor | |
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| Angiopoietins | |
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| Ephrins | |
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| Angiogenesis Inhibitors | |
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| Inhibitors of proangiogenic factors | |
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| Metalloproteinases | |
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| Integrins | |
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| Endogenous inhibitors | |
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| HIF-1[alpha] | |
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| Miscellaneous anti-angiogenic agents | |
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| Clinical data | |
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| Lymphangiogenesis | |
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| Tumor Dormancy | |
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| |
| Biology of Tumor Metastasis | |
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| The "Classic" Theory of Tumor Metastasis | |
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| |
| Alternate Theory of Tumor Metastasis | |
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| |
| Invasion and Metastasis: The Hallmarks of Malignant Neoplasia | |
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| Metastasis Is at Least Partly a Selective Process | |
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| Biochemical Characteristics of Metastatic Tumor Cells | |
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| Relationship of cancer metastasis to normal tissue invasion events | |
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| Role of lytic enzymes in the metastasis cascade | |
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| Role of plasma membrane components in metastasis | |
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| Role of extracellular matrix components and the basement membranes in tumor metastasis | |
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| Tissue adhesion properties of metastatic cells | |
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| Ability of metastatic tumor cells to escape the host's immune response | |
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| Chemotactic factors in cancer cell migration | |
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| Role of oncogenes in tumor metastasis | |
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| Identification of the "Metastatic Genes" and "Metastasis Suppressor Genes" | |
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| Molecular Genetics of Cancer | |
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| Chromatin Structure and Function | |
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| Components of Chromatin | |
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| Chemical Modifications of Chromatin-Associated Proteins | |
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| Packaging of Chromatin | |
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| Structure and Function of Interphase Chromosomes | |
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| Nuclear Organization | |
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| Nuclease Sensitivity | |
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| Transcriptional Activation and the Cancer Connection | |
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| Control of Gene Expression during Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation | |
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| |
| Split Genes and RNA Processing | |
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| Genetic Recombination | |
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| Gene Amplification | |
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| Cis-Acting Regulatory Elements: Promoters and Enchancers | |
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| Transcription Factors | |
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| Structural Motifs of Regulatory DNA-Binding Proteins | |
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| Repressors | |
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| General (Basal) Transciption Factors | |
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| Promoter- and Enhancer-Specific Transcription Factors | |
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| |
| AP-1/Fos/Jun | |
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| |
| ATF/CREB | |
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| SP1 | |
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| Oct-3 | |
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| |
| The superfamily of hormone receptors | |
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| YY1 | |
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| LEF-1 | |
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| E2F | |
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| Tissue specific transcription factors | |
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| MyoD | |
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| Liver specific transcription factors | |
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| Pit-1 | |
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| E2A | |
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| NF-[Kappa]B | |
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| POU-domain binding proteins | |
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| Ets1 and Ets2 | |
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| |
| Homeobox proteins | |
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| |
| DNA Methylation | |
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| DNA Methyltransferases | |
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| Methyl DNA Binding Proteins | |
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| |
| DNA Methylation and Cancer | |
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| |
| Genomic Imprinting | |
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| |
| Loss of Heterozygosity | |
| |
| |
| Telomeres and Telomerase | |
| |
| |
| Post-transcriptional Regulation | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Genetic Alterations in Cancer Cells | |
| |
| |
| Translocations and Inversions | |
| |
| |
| Chromosomal Deletions | |
| |
| |
| Gene Amplification | |
| |
| |
| Point Mutations | |
| |
| |
| Aneuploidy | |
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| |
| Disomy | |
| |
| |
| Trinucleotide Expansion | |
| |
| |
| Microsatellite Instability | |
| |
| |
| Mismatch DNA Repair Defects | |
| |
| |
| Gene Derepression in Cancer Cells | |
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| |
| Ectopic hormone production by human cancers | |
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| |
| Possible mechanisms of ectopic protein production | |
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| |
| Chromosomal Abnormalities in Leukemic Patients Exposed to Genotoxic Agents | |
| |
| |
| Cancer Genetic Changes Summed Up | |
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| |
| Oncogenes | |
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| |
| Historical Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| The provirus, protovirus, and oncogene hypothesis | |
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| |
| The src gene | |
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| |
| Oncogene Families | |
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| |
| Cell Transforming Ability of onc Genes | |
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| |
| Functional Classes of Oncogenes | |
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| |
| Characteristics of Individual Oncogenes | |
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| |
| ras | |
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| myc | |
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| src | |
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| jun and fos | |
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| ets | |
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| bcr-abl | |
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| myb | |
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| bcl-2 | |
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| NF-KB/rel | |
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| erbA | |
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| sis | |
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| erbB | |
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| erbB-2 (Her-2/neu) | |
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| Other growth factor or growth factor receptor oncogenes | |
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| fms | |
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| kit | |
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| trk | |
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| met | |
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| Pokemon | |
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| Cellular onc Gene Expression during Normal Embryonic Development | |
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| |
| DNA Tumor Viruses | |
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| |
| SV40 and Polyoma | |
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| |
| Papilloma Viruses E6 and E7 | |
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| |
| Adenoviruses E1A and E1B | |
| |
| |
| Hepatitis B Virus | |
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| |
| Herpes Viruses | |
| |
| |
| Tumor Suppressor Genes | |
| |
| |
| Historical Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Properties of Individual Tumor Suppressor Genes | |
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| |
| rb | |
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| |
| Characterization of the rb protein | |
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| |
| Interactions of Rb proteins | |
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| |
| Role of rb in reversing the malignant phenotype | |
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| |
| Requirement of a functional rb-1 gene in development | |
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| |
| Cell cycle regulation by Rb | |
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| |
| Interactions of Rb protein with transcription factors and DNA regulatory elements | |
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| |
| p53 | |
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| |
| Characteristics of p53 and its mutations | |
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| |
| Mutagenesis of p53 | |
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| |
| Ability of p53 to reverse cellular transformation and tumorigenesis | |
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| |
| Role of p53 in cell cycle progression and in inducing apoptosis | |
| |
| |
| Mechanism of p53's actions | |
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| |
| Wilms' tumor suppressor gene wt-1 | |
| |
| |
| Adenomatous polyposis coli (apc) gene | |
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| |
| Deleted in colorectal cancer (dcc) gene | |
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| |
| Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (hnpcc) gene | |
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| |
| Neurofibromatosis genes nf-1 and nf-2 | |
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| |
| Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and renal cell carcinoma gene | |
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| |
| BRCA1 and BRCA2 | |
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| |
| Identification of Tumor Suppressor Genes | |
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| |
| Mechanisms of Gene Silencing | |
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| |
| Antisense | |
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| |
| Ribozymes | |
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| |
| DNAzymes | |
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| |
| RNAi | |
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| Transitive RNAi | |
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| Micro-RNA | |
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| |
| Small temporal RNA | |
| |
| |
| Short hairpin RNA | |
| |
| |
| Gene Therapy | |
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| |
| Gene Therapy for Cancer | |
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| |
| Personalized Medicine and Systems Biology | |
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| |
| |
| Tumor Immunology | |
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| |
| Historical Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of the Immune Response to Cancer | |
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| |
| Antigen Presenting Cells | |
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| |
| How Antigens Are Processed | |
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| |
| T Lymphocytes and T Cell Activation | |
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| |
| The Immunological Synapse | |
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| |
| B Lymphocytes and B Cell Activation | |
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| |
| Natural Killer Cells | |
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| |
| Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity | |
| |
| |
| Danger Theory | |
| |
| |
| Role of Gene Rearrangement in the Tumor Response | |
| |
| |
| Heat Shock Proteins as Regulators of the Immune Response | |
| |
| |
| Inflammation and Cancer | |
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| |
| Immunotherapy | |
| |
| |
| Rationale for Immunotherapy | |
| |
| |
| Identification and Characterization of Tumor-Derived Antigenic Peptides | |
| |
| |
| Cytokines | |
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| |
| Interferons | |
| |
| |
| Interleukins | |
| |
| |
| Tumor necrosis factor | |
| |
| |
| Adoptive Immunotherapy | |
| |
| |
| Vaccines | |
| |
| |
| Monoclonal Antibodies | |
| |
| |
| How Tumor Cells Avoid the Immune Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cancer Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Medical and Scientific Drivers for Expanded Cancer Diagnostic Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Categories of Tumor Markers | |
| |
| |
| Nucleic Acid-Based Markers | |
| |
| |
| Cancer-associated mutations | |
| |
| |
| Loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability | |
| |
| |
| DNA methylation patterns | |
| |
| |
| Mitochondrial DNA mutations | |
| |
| |
| Viral DNA | |
| |
| |
| Gene Expression Microarrays | |
| |
| |
| Laser-Capture Microdissection | |
| |
| |
| Comparative Genome Hybridization | |
| |
| |
| Tissue Arrays | |
| |
| |
| Gene Expression Microarrays in Individual Cancer Types | |
| |
| |
| Lymphoma | |
| |
| |
| Leukemia | |
| |
| |
| Breast cancer | |
| |
| |
| Ovarian cancer | |
| |
| |
| Prostate cancer | |
| |
| |
| Colorectal cancer | |
| |
| |
| Lung cancer | |
| |
| |
| Renal cancer | |
| |
| |
| Hepatic cancer | |
| |
| |
| Other cancers and cancer-related phenotypes | |
| |
| |
| Proteomics | |
| |
| |
| Proteomics Methods | |
| |
| |
| Two-dimensional electrophoresis | |
| |
| |
| Isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT) | |
| |
| |
| Mass spectrometry-based proteomics | |
| |
| |
| Protein chips | |
| |
| |
| Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) | |
| |
| |
| Yeast two-hybrid system | |
| |
| |
| Phage display | |
| |
| |
| Organelle proteomics | |
| |
| |
| Plasma proteome | |
| |
| |
| Tissue proteomics: imaging mass spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| Pattern recognition | |
| |
| |
| The unfolded protein response | |
| |
| |
| Proteomics in Cancer Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| Lung cancer | |
| |
| |
| Ovarian cancer | |
| |
| |
| Breast cancer | |
| |
| |
| Prostate cancer | |
| |
| |
| Pancreatic cancer | |
| |
| |
| Circulating Epithelial Cells | |
| |
| |
| Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Imaging | |
| |
| |
| Protein-Protein Interactions | |
| |
| |
| Protein Degradation | |
| |
| |
| Imaging Gene Expression In Vivo | |
| |
| |
| Bioluminescent detection | |
| |
| |
| Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| Ultrasound Imaging | |
| |
| |
| Nanotechnology | |
| |
| |
| Gray Goo | |
| |
| |
| Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacogenetics | |
| |
| |
| Importance of Pharmacogenomics in Cancer | |
| |
| |
| Haplotype Mapping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sequelae of Cancer and Its Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Patient-Tumor Interactions | |
| |
| |
| Pain | |
| |
| |
| Nutritional Effects | |
| |
| |
| Hematologic Effects | |
| |
| |
| Erythropoiesis | |
| |
| |
| Leukopoiesis | |
| |
| |
| Platelets | |
| |
| |
| Thrombosis | |
| |
| |
| Fever and Infection | |
| |
| |
| Hormonal Effects | |
| |
| |
| Hypercalcemia | |
| |
| |
| Neurologic Effects | |
| |
| |
| Dermatologic Effects | |
| |
| |
| Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| Sequelae of Cancer Treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cancer Prevention | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Its Prevention | |
| |
| |
| Somatic Mutation | |
| |
| |
| Telomere Loss | |
| |
| |
| Mitochondrial Damage | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Oxygen-Free Radicals | |
| |
| |
| Cell Senescence | |
| |
| |
| DNA Repair and Genome Stability | |
| |
| |
| Caloric Restriction | |
| |
| |
| Diet and Cancer Prevention | |
| |
| |
| Chemoprevention | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Targets for Chemoprevention | |
| |
| |
| Antimutagens and Carcinogen-Blocking Agents | |
| |
| |
| Isothiocyanates | |
| |
| |
| Oltipraz | |
| |
| |
| Other organosulfur compounds | |
| |
| |
| Ellagic acid | |
| |
| |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) | |
| |
| |
| Antiproliferative Agents | |
| |
| |
| Retinoids and [Beta]-carotene | |
| |
| |
| Hormonal chemoprevention | |
| |
| |
| Oral contraceptives | |
| |
| |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GNRHAs) | |
| |
| |
| Hormone replacement therapy | |
| |
| |
| Tamoxifen, Raloxifene, and aromatase inhibitors | |
| |
| |
| Antiandrogens | |
| |
| |
| Anti-inflammatory agents | |
| |
| |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors | |
| |
| |
| Ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors | |
| |
| |
| Antioxidants | |
| |
| |
| Protease Inhibitors | |
| |
| |
| Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors | |
| |
| |
| Statins | |
| |
| |
| Multiagent chemoprevention | |
| |
| |
| Index | |