| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traditions Inherited: Attitudes about Women from the Centuries Before 800 A.D. | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buried Traditions: The Question of Origins | |
| |
| |
| Archaeological Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Biological Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Anthropological Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Written Evidence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inherited Traditions: The Principal Influences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traditions Subordinating Women | |
| |
| |
| Women's Approved Roles | |
| |
| |
| Women's Dishonorable Roles: Slave, Prostitute, and Concubine | |
| |
| |
| Misogyny | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traditions Empowering Women | |
| |
| |
| Worship of Goddesses | |
| |
| |
| Women Warriors | |
| |
| |
| Women in Power: Queens and Empresses | |
| |
| |
| Women of Wealth | |
| |
| |
| Educated and Artistic Women | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Effects of Christianity | |
| |
| |
| Beliefs and Practices Empowering Women | |
| |
| |
| Beliefs and Practices Subordinating Women | |
| |
| |
| |
| Women of the Fields: Sustaining the Generations | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Constants of the Peasant Women's World: The Ninth to the Twentieth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| The Life | |
| |
| |
| The Landscape | |
| |
| |
| The Year's Activities | |
| |
| |
| Children and Nurturing | |
| |
| |
| Threats to Survival | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sustaining the Generations | |
| |
| |
| The Family and Marriage | |
| |
| |
| Access to the Land | |
| |
| |
| Additional Income | |
| |
| |
| Impossible Choices | |
| |
| |
| Survival Outside the Family | |
| |
| |
| Giving Value | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Extraordinary | |
| |
| |
| Joan of Arc | |
| |
| |
| The Witchcraft Persecutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Remains of the Peasant Woman's World | |
| |
| |
| |
| Women of the Churches: the Power of the Faithful | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Patterns of Power and Limitation: The Tenth to the Seventeenth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authority Within the Institutional Church | |
| |
| |
| The Great Abbesses and Learned Holy Communities | |
| |
| |
| Reformed Religious Orders: The Twelfth and the Thirteenth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| The Cloistered Life of the Nun | |
| |
| |
| Mystics: The Ecstatic Life | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authority Outside the Institutional Church | |
| |
| |
| Challenges to Established Dogma and Established Orders | |
| |
| |
| The Virgin Mary | |
| |
| |
| Exemplars, Tertiaries, and Beguines | |
| |
| |
| Heresy: The Limits of Power Through Faith | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authority Given and Taken Away: The Protestant and Catholic Reformations | |
| |
| |
| Religious Enthusiasm Reborn: The Sixteenth and the Seventeenth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| Queens, Princesses, and Noblewomen | |
| |
| |
| Protesters, Proselytizers, Unorthodox Nuns, and Martyrs | |
| |
| |
| Limiting Roles: The Woman's Proper Place | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traditional Images Redrawn | |
| |
| |
| The Female Nature | |
| |
| |
| The Christian Family | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Legacy of the Protestant Reformation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Women of the Castles and Manors: Custodians of Land and Lineage | |
| |
| |
| |
| From Warrior's Wife to Noblewoman: The Ninth to the Seventeenth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constants of the Noblewoman's Life | |
| |
| |
| War | |
| |
| |
| Marriage | |
| |
| |
| Land, Faith, and Children | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power and Vulnerability | |
| |
| |
| Wives and Daughters in the World of Feudalism: The Ninth to the Twelfth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| Courtly Love and Codes of Chivalry | |
| |
| |
| Wives and Daughters in the World of Centralized Monarchies: The Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| Widows and Mothers: The Ninth to the Seventeenth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| |
| The New Flowering of Ancient Traditions | |
| |
| |
| In Literature | |
| |
| |
| In Law and Practice | |
| |
| |
| The Ideal Woman | |
| |
| |
| |
| Women of the Walled Towns: Providers and Partners | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Townswoman's Daily Life: The Twelfth to the Seventeenth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| Alleyways, Streets, and Squares | |
| |
| |
| The Poor | |
| |
| |
| Guildswomen | |
| |
| |
| Merchants' Wives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dangers and Remedies | |
| |
| |
| Natural Disasters and War | |
| |
| |
| Disease and Childbearing | |
| |
| |
| Faith in God, Repentance, and the Saints | |
| |
| |
| Prayers to the Virgin Mary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The World of Commercial Capitalism: The Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries | |
| |
| |
| Protected and Provided For | |
| |
| |
| The Business of Marriage and Charity | |
| |
| |
| Old Crafts | |
| |
| |
| New Professions: Art and Medicine | |
| |
| |
| Capitalist Entrepreneurs | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Invisible and Visible Bonds of Misogyny | |
| |
| |
| Old Tales Retold | |
| |
| |
| Sumptuary and Adultery Laws | |
| |
| |
| Abuse of Women: Violence and Ridicule | |
| |
| |
| The Ideal Marriage and the Perfect Wife | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |