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| An Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electron Sources and Electron Lenses | |
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| Electron Sources | |
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| Electron Lenses | |
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| Vacuum Systems | |
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| Vacuum Pumps Commonly Used in EM Labs | |
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| Methods of Measuring Vacuums | |
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| Vacuum Systems Used in Electron Microscopy | |
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| The Transmission Electron Microscope | |
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| Theory of Operation | |
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| Real Images | |
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| Virtual Images | |
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| Depth of Field and Depth of Focus | |
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| Anatomy of a Transmission Electron Microscope | |
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| Medium- and High-Voltage Transmission Electron Microscopy | |
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| The Scanning Electron Microscope | |
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| Theory of Operation | |
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| Specimen-Beam Interactions | |
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| Machine Variables | |
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| Ultrahigh-Resolution SEMS | |
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| Environmental SEMS | |
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| Scanning Tunneling and Atomic Force Microscopy | |
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| Specimen Preparation for TEM | |
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| Negative Staining of Small Particulates | |
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| Ultrathin Sectioning of Larger Samples | |
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| Vacuum Evaporators and Evaporation Techniques | |
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| Shadowcasting and Replica Techniques | |
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| Cytological Techniques | |
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| Preparation of Nonbiological Materials | |
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| Specimen Preparation for SEM | |
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| Mounting | |
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| Coating for Conductivity | |
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| Special Methods for Various Sample Types | |
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| Biological Sample Preparation | |
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| Alternative Methods for Biological Samples | |
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| SEM Histochemistry for Biological Samples | |
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| X-Ray Analysis | |
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| X-ray Production and Naming | |
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| Measuring the Energy and Wavelength of X Rays | |
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| Construction of the EDS Detector | |
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| Construction of the EDS X-Ray Analyzer | |
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| Outputs | |
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| Spectrum Accumulation and Interpretation | |
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| Optimizing the Detection of X Rays | |
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| Artifacts | |
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| Quantitative Analysis | |
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| Sample Preparation | |
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| Electron Micrographic Techniques | |
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| Silver Graphic Process | |
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| Photographic Printing | |
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| Transmission Electron Micrography | |
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| Scanning Electron Micrography | |
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| The Electronic Darkroom | |
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| Micrograph Presentation and Publication | |