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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of Ethics: Its Origins, Variations, and Basis | |
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| The Long Search for the Origins of Ethics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Morality as the Advantage of the Stranger: A Debate between Socrates and Thrasymachus, Plato | |
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| Moral Virtue, How Produced, Aristotle | |
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| Are Humans Good by Nature? A Debate between Chinese Sages, Mencius | |
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| Of the Natural Condition of Mankind and the Laws of Nature, Thomas Hobbes | |
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| The Natural State of Man | |
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| Affection of Humanity: The Foundation of Morals | |
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| The Noble Descent of Duty | |
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| The Material Basis of Morality | |
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| The Origin of the Moral Sense | |
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| The Origins of Herd Morality | |
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| The Cultural Super-Ego | |
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| In a Different Voice | |
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| Common Themes in Primate Ethics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Kinship | |
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| Helping Kin in Chimpanzees | |
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| A Universal Duty | |
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| The Genetic Basis of Kinship | |
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| Reciprocity | |
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| Chimpanzee Justice | |
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| Live and Let Live | |
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| Reciprocal Gift-Giving among the !Kung | |
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| The Kula Ring | |
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| A Single Word | |
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| The Law of Hammurabi | |
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| Turn the Other Cheek | |
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| The Whole Torah, while Standing on One Foot | |
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| The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism | |
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| Tit for Tat | |
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| Sexual Morality | |
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| Incest Avoidance among Chimpanzees | |
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| The Horror of Incest | |
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| The Social Rules of Chimpanzee Sex | |
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| Adultery among the !Kung | |
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| Incest and Adultery, The Bible | |
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| A Commentary on the Sixth Commandment | |
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| The Double Standard | |
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| The Role of Reason | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Reason and Passion | |
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| Pure Practical Reason and the Moral Law | |
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| Addin Ethical Substance to Kant's Empty Formalism | |
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| The Axioms of Ethics | |
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| Society the School, Custom the Headmaster | |
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| A Lecture on Ethics | |
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| Ethics for Logical Positivists | |
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| Condemned to Be Free | |
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| The Objective Basis of Morality | |
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| The Argument from Queerness | |
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| Evolution and the Basis of Morality | |
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| Reason, Gender and Moral Theory | |
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| Realism | |
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| The Content of Ethics: Judging Good Outcomes and Right Acts | |
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| Ultimate Good | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Ceasing of Woe | |
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| The End for Human Nature, Aristotle | |
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| The Pursuit of Pleasure, Epicurus | |
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| A Stoic View of Life, Epictetus | |
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| The Sermon on the Mount, Jesus | |
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| The Saints of the Desert | |
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| Story of a Good Brahmin, Voltaire | |
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| Push-Pin and Poetry | |
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| Higher and Lower Pleasures | |
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| Good as the Satisfaction of Demands | |
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| Desirable Consciousness | |
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| Beauty and Friendship | |
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| Truth and Ahimsa | |
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| The Right to Be Unhappy | |
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