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| Introduction The New Science of Reading | |
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| From Neurons to Education | |
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| Putting Neurons into Culture | |
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| The Mystery of the Reading Ape | |
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| Biological Unity and Cultural Diversity | |
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| A Reader's Guide | |
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| How Do We Read? | |
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| The Eye: A Poor Scanner | |
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| The Search for Invariants | |
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| Amplifying Differences | |
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| Every Word Is a Tree | |
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| The Silent Voice | |
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| The Limits of Sound | |
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| The Hidden Logic of Our Spelling System | |
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| The Impossible Dream of Transparent Spelling | |
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| Two Routes for Reading | |
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| Mental Dictionaries | |
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| An Assembly of Daemons | |
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| Parallel Reading | |
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| Active Letter Decoding | |
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| Conspiracy and Competition in Reading | |
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| From Behavior to Brain Mechanisms | |
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| The Brains Letterbox | |
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| Joseph-Jules D�jerine's Discovery | |
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| Pure Alexia | |
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| A Lesion Revealed | |
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| Modern Lesion Analysis | |
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| Decoding the Reading Brain | |
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| Reading Is Universal | |
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| A Patchwork of Visual Preferences | |
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| How Fast Do We Read? | |
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| Electrodes in the Brain | |
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| Position Invariance | |
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| Subliminal Reading | |
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| How Culture Fashions the Brain | |
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| The Brains of Chinese Readers | |
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| Japanese and Its Two Scripts | |
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| Beyond the Letterbox | |
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| Sound and Meaning | |
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| From Spelling to Sound | |
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| Avenues to Meaning | |
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| A Cerebral Tidal Bore | |
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| Brain Limits on Cultural Diversity | |
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| Reading and Evolution | |
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| The Reading Ape | |
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| Of Monkeys and Men | |
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| Neurons for Objects | |
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| Grandmother Cells | |
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| An Alphabet in the Monkey Brain | |
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| Proto-Letters | |
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| The Acquisition of Shape | |
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| The Learning Instinct | |
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| Neuronal Recycling | |
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| Birth of a Culture | |
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| Neurons for Reading | |
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| Bigram Neurons | |
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| A Neuronal Word Tree | |
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| How Many Neurons for Reading? | |
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| Simulating the Reader's Cortex | |
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| Cortical Biases That Shape Reading | |
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| Inventing Reading | |
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| The Universal Features of Writing Systems | |
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| A Golden Section for Writing Systems | |
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| Artificial Signs and Natural Shapes | |
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| Prehistoric Precursors of Writing | |
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| From Counting to Writing | |
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| The Limits of Pictography | |
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| The Alphabet: A Great Leap Forward | |
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| Vowels: The Mothers of Reading | |
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| Learning to Read | |
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| The Birth of a Future Reader | |
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| Three Steps for Reading | |
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| Becoming Aware of Phonemes | |
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| Graphemes and Phonemes: A Chicken and Egg Problem | |
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| The Orthographic Stage | |
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| The Brain of a Young Reader | |
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| The Illiterate Brain | |
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| What Does Reading Make Us Lose? | |
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| When Letters Have Colors | |
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| From Neuroscience to Education | |
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| Reading Wars | |
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| The Myth of Whole-Word Reading | |
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| The Inefficiency of the Whole-Language Approach | |
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| A Few Suggestions for Educators | |
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| The Dyslexic Brain | |
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| What Is Dyslexia? | |
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| Phonological Trouble | |
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| The Biological Unity of Dyslexia | |
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| A Prime Suspect: The Left Temporal Lobe | |
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| Neuronal Migrations | |
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| The Dyslexic Mouse | |
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| The Genetics of Dyslexia | |
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| Overcoming Dyslexia | |
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| Reading and Symmetry | |
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| When Animals Mix Left and Right | |
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| Evolution and Symmetry | |
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| Symmetry Perception and Brain Symmetry | |
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| Dr. Orton's Modern Followers | |
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| The Pros and Cons of a Symmetrical Brain | |
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| Single-Neuron Symmetry | |
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| Symmetrical Connections | |
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| Dormant Symmetry | |
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| Breaking the Mirror | |
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| Broken Symmetry ... or Hidden Symmetry? | |
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| Symmetry, Reading, and Neuronal Recycling | |
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| A Surprising Case of Mirror Dyslexia | |
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| Toward a Culture of Neurons | |
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| Resolving the Reading Paradox | |
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| The Universality of Cultural Forms | |
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| Neuronal Recycling and Cerebral Modules | |
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| Toward a List of Cultural Invariants | |
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| Why Are We the Only Cultural Species? | |
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| Uniquely Human Plasticity? | |
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| Reading Other Minds | |
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| A Global Neuronal Workspace | |
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| Conclusion The Future of Reading | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |
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| Figure Credits | |