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| Preface and Acknowledgments | |
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| List of Illustrations and Maps | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Common Culture | |
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| The Old Church, 1490-1517 | |
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| Seeing Salvation in Church | |
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| The First Pillar: The Mass and Purgatory | |
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| Layfolk at Prayer | |
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| The Second Pillar: Papal Primacy | |
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| A Pillar Cracks: Politics and the Papacy | |
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| Church Versus Commonwealth? | |
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| Hopes and Fears, 1490-1517 | |
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| Shifting Boundaries | |
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| The Iberian Exception | |
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| The Iberian Achievement: The Western Church Exported | |
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| New Possibilities: Paper and Printing | |
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| Humanism: A New World from Books | |
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| Putting Renewal into Practice | |
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| Reform or the Last Days? | |
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| Erasmus: Hopes Fulfilled, Fears Stilled? | |
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| New Heaven: New Earth, 1517-24 | |
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| The Shadow of Augustine | |
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| Luther: A Good Monk, 1483-1517 | |
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| An Accidental Revolution, 1517-21 | |
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| Whose Revolution? 1521-22 | |
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| Evangelical Challenges: Zwingli and Radicalism, 1521-22 | |
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| Zurich and Wittenberg, 1522-24 | |
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| The Years of Carnival, 1521-24 | |
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| Wooing the Magistrate, 1524-40 | |
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| Europe's Greatest Rebellion, 1524-25 | |
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| Princely Churches or Christian Separation, 1525-30 | |
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| The Birth of Protestantisms, 1529-33 | |
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| Strassburg: New Rome or New Jerusalem? | |
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| Kings and Reformers, 1530-40 | |
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| A New King David? Munster and Its Aftermath | |
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| Reunion Deferred: Catholic and Protestant, 1530-60 | |
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| A Southern Revival | |
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| Ignatius Loyola and the Early Jesuits | |
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| Hopes for a Deal: The 1541-42 Crisis | |
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| A Council at Trent: The First Session, 1545-49 | |
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| Calvin in Geneva: The Reformed Answer to Munster | |
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| Calvin and the Eucharist: Protestant Divisions Confirmed | |
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| Reformed Protestantism: Alternatives to Calvin, 1540-60 | |
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| Reunion Scorned, 1547-70 | |
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| Crisis for the Habsburgs, 1547-55 | |
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| 1555: An Emperor's Exhaustion, a Pope's Obsession | |
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| A Catholic Recovery: England, 1553-58 | |
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| 1558-59: Turning Points for Dynasties | |
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| The Last Session of the Council of Trent, 1561-63 | |
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| Protestants in Arms: France and the Low Countries, 1562-70 | |
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| Europe Divided: 1570-1619 | |
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| The New Europe Defined, 1569-72 | |
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| Northern and Southern Religion | |
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| Tridentine Successes | |
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| The Catholic Defense of Christendom, 1565-71 | |
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| Militant Northern Protestants, 1569-72 | |
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| The Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572 | |
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| Poland 1569-76: An Alternative Future? | |
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| Protestantism and Providence | |
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| The North: Protestant Heartlands | |
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| Defining Lutheranism: Toward the Formula of Concord | |
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| The "Second Reformation" in Germany | |
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| Baltic Religious Contests: Poland-Lithuania and Scandinavia | |
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| The Northern Netherlands: Protestant Victory | |
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| The Northern Netherlands: The Arminian Crisis | |
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| A Reformed Success: Scotland | |
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| Elizabethan England: A Reformed Church? | |
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| Ireland: The Coming of the Counter-Reformation | |
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| The South: Catholic Heartlands | |
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| Italy: The Counter-Reformation's Heart | |
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| Spain and Portugal: King Philip's Church | |
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| The Counter-Reformation as World Mission | |
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| Central Europe: Religion Contested | |
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| The Empire and Habsburg Lands: A Shattered Church | |
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| Habsburgs, Wittelsbachs, and a Catholic Recovery | |
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| Transylvania: A Reformed Israel | |
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| France: Collapse of a Kingdom, 1572-98 | |
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| France: A Late Counter-Reformation | |
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| Decision and Destruction, 1618-48 | |
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| Coda: A British Legacy, 1600-1700 | |
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| New English Beginnings: Richard Hooker and Lancelot Andrewes | |
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| Early Stuart England: The Church's Golden Age? | |
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| War in Three Kingdoms, 1638-60 | |
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| A Spectrum of Protestantisms, 1660-1700 | |
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| American Beginnings | |
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| Patterns of Life | |
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| Changing Times | |
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| Time Ending | |
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| Hearing God's Voice | |
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| Fighting Antichrist: Idols | |
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| Fighting Antichrist: Witches | |
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| Death, Life, and Discipline | |
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| Negotiations with Death and Magic | |
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| Telling out the Word | |
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| Godly Discipline | |
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| A Spirit of Protestantism? | |
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| Love and Sex: Staying the Same | |
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| A Common Legacy | |
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| The Family in Society | |
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| The Fear of Sodomy | |
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| Love and Sex: Moving On | |
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| The "Reformation of Manners" | |
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| Catholicism, the Family, and Celibacy | |
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| Protestantism and the Family | |
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| Choices in Religion | |
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| Outcomes | |
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| Wars of Reformation | |
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| Tolerating Difference | |
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| Crosscurrents: Humanism and Natural Philosophy | |
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| Crosscurrents: Judaism and Doubts | |
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| The Englightenment and Beyond | |
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| Appendix of Texts: Creeds, Lord's Prayer, Ten Commandments, and Hail Mary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Index | |