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| Preface | |
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| Accident Losses | |
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| Costs of Well-Being | |
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| The Industrial Revolution and Accidents | |
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| Increasing Hazards | |
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| Physical Effects of Accidents | |
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| Numbers of Accidents vs. Costs | |
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| Lessening Safety Costs | |
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| Accident Losses for Personnel vs. Equipment and Facilities | |
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| Increasing Magnitude of Accident Losses | |
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| Awards for Injuries | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Liabilities and Safety Legislation | |
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| Statute Law | |
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| Common Law | |
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| Misadventure (Accident) | |
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| Strict Liability | |
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| Industrial Revolution | |
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| Negligence | |
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| American Laws | |
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| Steam Engines, Boats, and Locomotives | |
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| The Fourteenth Amendment and Safety | |
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| Liability Laws | |
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| Workers' Compensation Laws | |
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| Later Actions | |
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| Resurgence of Strict Liability | |
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| Limited Liability | |
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| Excused Negligence | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Workers' Compensation | |
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| Obligations to Employees | |
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| Workers' Compensation Laws | |
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| Problems of Nonuniformity | |
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| Coverages | |
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| Workers' Compensation Insurance | |
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| Costs of Workers' Compensation Insurance | |
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| Insurance Rating Systems | |
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| Keeping Workers' Compensation Costs Down | |
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| Workers' Compensation Reform | |
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| Requirements for Benefits | |
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| Disagreements | |
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| Injury Resulting from an Accident | |
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| Injury Arising out of Employment | |
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| Types of Disabilities | |
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| Monetary Disability Benefits | |
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| Death Benefits | |
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| Extent of Medical Benefits | |
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| Injury and Claim Notices | |
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| Hearings | |
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| Action against a Third Party | |
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| Inadequacy of Workers' Compensation | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Oshact and its Administration | |
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| New Concepts of Accident Avoidance | |
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| Enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct) | |
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| Other Organizations | |
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| State Industrial Safety Programs | |
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| Responsibilities of Employers and Employees | |
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| Inspections | |
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| Violations and Penalties | |
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| Standards | |
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| Record Keeping | |
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| Impact of OSHA | |
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| OSHA and Hazard Minimization | |
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| Antagonism toward OSHA | |
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| The New Millennium | |
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| The New OSHA | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Standards, Codes, And Other Safety Documents | |
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| Uses for Standards and Codes | |
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| Mandatory vs. Voluntary Standards | |
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| Objections to Consensus Standards | |
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| Test Standards | |
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| Differences in Standards | |
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| Changing Standards | |
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| Inadequacies of Standards | |
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| Standards and Analyses | |
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| Proliferation of Standards | |
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| Status of OSHA Standards | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Engineers and Safety | |
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| Accomplishments of Engineers | |
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| Engineering and Accidents | |
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| Steam Equipment and Accidents | |
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| Technical Societies and Safety | |
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| Inadequacy of Engineering Schools | |
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| Engineers as Causers of Accidents | |
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| Registration of Engineers | |
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| Possible Improvements in Registration | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Management and its Responsibilities | |
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| Safety Policies | |
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| OSHAct and Management | |
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| Actions against Managers | |
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| Management Attitudes toward Safety | |
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| Middle Managers | |
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| Foremen/Forewomen and Safety | |
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| Procedural Safeguards | |
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| Management and Supervision | |
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| Safety Efforts of Other Managers | |
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| Hazardous Operations | |
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| Personnel | |
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| Personal Protective Equipment | |
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| Checklist for Managers | |
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| Safety Information System | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| The Changing Roles of Safety Personnel | |
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| Safety Laws and Safety Engineers | |
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| Safety Personnel | |
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| "Safety Man" | |
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| Safety Engineer | |
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| Production and Processing Losses | |
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| Growing Areas within Safety | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Personnel | |
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| Disabled Personnel in the Workplace | |
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| Older Personnel in the Workforce | |
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| Human Error | |
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| Designing and Planning Errors | |
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| Production Errors | |
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| Operations Errors | |
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| Two-Person Concept | |
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| Human vs. Machine | |
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| The Biochemical Machine | |
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| Motivation | |
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| Violence in the Workplace | |
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| Judgment | |
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| Accident-Prone Persons | |
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| Quantitative Error Prediction | |
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| Human Factors Engineering | |
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| Procedural Means of Accident Prevention | |
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| Critical Operations | |
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| Responsibilities of the Individual Worker | |
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| Procedure Analysis | |
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| Outputs of Procedure Analysis | |
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| Contingency Analysis | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Promoting Safe Practices | |
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| The Behavior-Based Safety Approach | |
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| The Regulatory Approach: Safety Rules | |
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| Employee Participation | |
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| Critical Incident Technique | |
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| Other Methods | |
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| Suggestion Programs | |
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| Union Participation | |
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| Safety Training | |
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| In-depth Training | |
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| Maintaining Awareness | |
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| General Comments on Safety Committees | |
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| Safety Committee Duties | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Appraising Plant Safety | |
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| New Plants and Equipment Designs | |
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| Existing Plants and Equipment | |
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| Indicating Plant Hazards | |
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| Safety Inspections | |
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| Checklists | |
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| Quantitative Appraisals | |
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| Problems with Validity of Statistics | |
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| Problems with Quantitative Rates | |
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| Validity of Statistical Comparisons | |
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| Risk Assessments | |
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| Acceptance of Risk | |
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| Risk Communication | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Hazards and Their Control | |
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| Determining Existence of Hazards | |
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| Eliminating and Controlling Hazards | |
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| Isolation, Lockouts, Lockins, and Interlocks | |
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| Failure Minimization | |
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| Safety Factors and Margins | |
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| Monitoring | |
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| Warning Means and Devices | |
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| Safe Procedures | |
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| Backout and Recovery | |
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| Damage Minimization and Containment | |
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| Physical Isolation | |
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| Weak Links | |
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| Escape, Survival, and Rescue | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Planning for Emergencies | |
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| Medical Responses in Emergencies | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Accident Investigations | |
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| Investigating Board Chairman's Responsibilities | |
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| Contributing Personnel | |
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| Conducting the Investigation | |
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| Accident Reports | |
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| Corrective Actions | |
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| Insurance Claims | |
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| Other Aspects of Accident Investigations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Safety Analysis | |
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| General | |
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| Preliminary Hazards Analysis | |
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| Failure Modes and Effects Analysis | |
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| Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA) | |
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| Fault Tree Symbols | |
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| Safety Analysis Methods Mandated for Process Safety Management | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Acceleration, Falls, Falling Objects, and Other Impacts | |
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| Falls | |
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| Preventive Measures Against Falls | |
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| Impacting Objects | |
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| Other Acceleration Effects | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Mechanical Injuries | |
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| Cutting and Tearing | |
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| Shearing | |
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| Crushing | |
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| Breaking | |
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| Machine Guards and Safety Devices | |
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| Guards | |
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| Precautionary Measures | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders | |
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| Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Work Related or Not Work Related? | |
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| The Effects of WMSDs | |
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| Worker-related Factors Associated with MSDs | |
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| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | |
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| Nonoccupational Factors of CTS | |
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| Low Back Pain | |
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| Back Belts | |
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| Ergonomics: A Program to Control WMSDs | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Heat and Temperature | |
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| Effects on Personnel | |
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| Classification of Burn Severities | |
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| Burns to the Eye | |
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| Other Temperature Effects on Personnel | |
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| High Temperatures | |
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| Additional Effects | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Pressure Hazards | |
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| Unfired Pressure Vessels | |
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| Discharges from Safety Valves | |
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| Dynamic Pressure Hazards | |
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| Water Hammer | |
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| Negative Pressure (Vacuums) | |
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| Testing of Pressure Systems | |
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| Leaks | |
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| Effects of Leakage | |
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| Leak Detection | |
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| Dysbarism and Decompression Sicknes | |
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| Compressed-Gas Cylinders | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Electrical Hazards | |
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| Shock | |
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| Other Factors | |
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| Causes of Shock | |
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| Electrical Insulation Failures | |
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| Equipment Failures | |
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| Other Shock Protection | |
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| Static Electricity | |
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| Lightning | |
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| Ignition of Combustible Materials | |
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| Containment of Discharges | |
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| Inherently Safe Devices | |
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| Heating and Overheating | |
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| Circuit and Equipment Protection | |
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| Unit Protection | |
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| Why an Open Circuit? | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Fires and Fire Suppression | |
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| Fuels | |
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| Oxidizers | |
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| Gases | |
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| Flammable and Combustible Liquids | |
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| Flammable Solids | |
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| Ignition | |
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| Ignition Sources | |
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| Ignition Delay | |
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| Effects of Fire on Personnel | |
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| Fire Detection Systems | |
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| Fire Classifications | |
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| Fire Suppression | |
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| Extinguishing Systems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Explosions and Explosives | |
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| Industrial Usage and Problems | |
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| Materials That Will Explode | |
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| Explosive Effects | |
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| Preventing Explosion Damage | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Hazards of Toxic Materials | |
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| Toxic Materials | |
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| Routes to Injury Sites | |
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| Hypoxia | |
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| Hypoxic Hypoxia | |
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| Mechanisms of Toxic Agents | |
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| Measurement of Toxicity | |
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| Detection of Toxic Agents | |
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| Respiratory Protective Equipment | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Environments | |
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| OSHA and EPA | |
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| Types of Environments | |
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| Natural and Induced Environments | |
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| Controlled Environments | |
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| Closed or Free Environments | |
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| Hazards of the Environment | |
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| Detecting Adverse Environments | |
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| Protection against the Environment | |
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| Industrial Ecology | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Confined-Space Entry | |
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| What Is a Confined Space? | |
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| Atmospheric Hazards | |
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| Physical Hazards | |
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| Chemical, Biological, Radiation | |
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| Management Responsibilities for Confined Spaces | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Radiation | |
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| Ionizing Radiation | |
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| Factors Affecting Exposure and Risk | |
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| Sources of Ionizing Radiation | |
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| Beneficial Uses of Ionizing Radiation | |
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| Fears of Nuclear Radiation | |
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| Ionizing/Nonionizing Interface | |
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| Nonionizing Radiations | |
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| Radio Frequency Radiation of Wireless Communication Devices | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Vibration and Noise | |
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| Effects of Vibration, Sound, and Noise | |
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| Mechanism of Hearing Injuries | |
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| Elements of a Hearing Conservation Program (HCP) | |
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| Annoyance | |
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| Distraction | |
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| Interference and Masking | |
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| Other Vibration Effects | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Computers and Safety | |
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| Safety Uses of Computers | |
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| Safety Problems to Workers | |
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| Accidents with Computerized Equipment | |
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| Computer Inabilities | |
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| Programming Errors | |
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| Avoiding Human Errors | |
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| Safety Data Processing | |
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| Avoiding Safety Problems | |
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| Computer Controls against Hazards | |
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| Computers and Hazard Analyses | |
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| Simulations | |
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| Software Hazard Categories | |
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| Software Analysis | |
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| Software Hazard Analysis Techniques | |
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| Tailoring Software Analysis | |
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| Robots and Accidents | |
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| For the Future | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |