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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Broader Perspective On Lobbying | |
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| Causes and Consequences of Lobbying Change | |
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| The Causes of Change-A Closer Look | |
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| Growing Government Complexity, Decentralization, Sunshine Laws, and Activism | |
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| Regulating Money in Elections and Public Policy | |
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| Partisan Polarization | |
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| Old Media Fragmentation, the Internet, and New Media | |
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| The Consequences of Change-A Closer Look | |
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| A Different Dependent Variable-How the Political Environment Shapes Lobbying | |
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| Reciprocal Impacts-Lobbyist Facilitation of Government Growth? | |
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| Research Approach | |
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| A Note on Definition | |
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| Organization of this Book | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Foundations of Lobbying | |
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| An Enduring Public Scorn | |
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| The Institutional Framework of Lobbying in America | |
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| Interest Groups in an Earlier Era-The Rise of Association-Based Advocacy | |
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| An Upside of Influence? | |
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| Foundations of Modern Lobbying-A Broader Perspective | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| The New Advocacy Industry-Growth and Institutionalization in the Lobbying World | |
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| The Size of the Interest Group/Lobbying World in Earlier Studies | |
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| The Washington Representatives Book and Other Evidence of Growth | |
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| Public Interest Groups/Non-Governmental Organizations | |
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| The Rise of the Political Action Committee | |
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| The Rise of Grassroots-Organizing the Ground War | |
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| Increasing the Supply of Advertising | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Governmental Growth and the Advocacy Industry | |
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| Government Facilitation of Lobbying Growth | |
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| Changing Congressional Environment | |
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| An Evolving Seniority System | |
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| Proliferation of Subcommittees | |
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| Growth of Staff | |
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| Changing Regulatory Environment | |
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| Sunshine Laws, Greater Openness, and Accountability | |
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| Lobbying: Another Keystone in the Washington Establishment? | |
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| New Government-Induced Risks or Rewards | |
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| Competitive Advantage-The Lobbying Equivalent of the Hatfields and McCoys | |
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| Multiple Entry Points | |
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| Partisan Control and the Oversight Agenda | |
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| Opportunities for Policy Entrepreneurs | |
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| Boosting the Need for Policy Specialists | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Partisanship and the Advocacy Industry | |
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| Polarization, Party Leadership in Congress, and Lobbying | |
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| Partisanship and the Growth of Reverse Lobbying | |
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| Polarization and Earmarking | |
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| Lobbying and Party Organizations in a Polarized Age | |
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| Partisanship, Leadership PACs, and Lobbying | |
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| Partisanship and the Rise and Fall of Soft Money | |
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| Polarization and Partisan Lobbying Firms | |
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| Partisanship and the Democratic Majority | |
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| Partisanship Empowers Lobbyists | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Lobbying in a Hyper Media Age | |
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| Lobbying and Media Fragmentation | |
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| Lobbying and the 24-Hour News Cycle | |
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| Lobbying and New Media | |
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| Microtargeting as Tactical Response | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| The New Lobbying Toolbox | |
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| The New Tool Box-Preliminary Observations and Generalizations | |
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| Research-Information as Power | |
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| Validators: Think Tanks and Issue Experts | |
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| Earned Media-Shaping the Playing Field | |
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| Paid Media-Air Cover | |
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| Grass roots-Ground Cover | |
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| Specialized Consultants | |
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| Lobbying the White House with Specialized Consultants | |
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| Money Tools-Access and Change | |
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| PACs: The Institutionalization of Campaign Finance | |
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| Independent Expenditures: Shaping the Environment | |
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| New Media/Internet/Blogs-Leveraging a Fragmented World | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Lobbying and Strategic Choices | |
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| Resources | |
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| Competitive Pressures | |
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| Air Cover/Ground Cover Demands | |
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| Visibility of the Issue | |
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| Relations to Allies | |
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| Early Adaptors | |
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| Time of Season | |
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| Context-Playing Offense or Defense and Type of Policy | |
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| Context Continued-Venue Shopping | |
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| Putting it All Together-Lobbying on Health Care | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Lobbying Reconsidered | |
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| Impact on the Process and Strategic Goals | |
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| Lobbyists and Interest Groups are Not Omnipotent | |
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| Debunking the Myth of Commoditization | |
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| Lobbying About More Than Influence | |
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| Structure and Dynamism | |
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| Lobbying More Structurally and Tactically Diverse than Suggested by Conventional Wisdom | |
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| Lobbying Not Static-Constantly Adapting | |
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| Campaign-Infused Advocacy | |
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| Unintended Consequences of Reform | |
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| Lobbying Both a Cause and a Consequence of Governmental Action | |
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| Lobbying Growth and Reform-The One-Way Door | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Index | |