Preface | p. vii |
Illustrations | p. ix |
Maps | p. xii |
The Ancient Middle East | |
The Early Civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt | p. 1 |
Why Mesopotamia? | p. 1 |
The Agricultural Revolution | p. 3 |
The State and Urban Revolution | p. 5 |
Early Mesopotamian History: The Sumerian Period (3100-2000 B.C.) | p. 8 |
The Egyptian Alternative: The Old and Middle Kingdoms | p. 19 |
An Age of Empires: The Middle East, 2000-1000 B.C. | p. 31 |
A Time of Turmoil: New Peoples East and West | p. 31 |
Mesopotamia in the Age of Hammurapi | p. 31 |
The Hittite Empire | p. 36 |
The Egyptian Empire | p. 38 |
Egypt in Decline | p. 46 |
The Middle East to the Persian Empire | p. 49 |
The New Peoples of the Middle East | p. 49 |
The Glory of Assyria and Babylon | p. 56 |
The Persians | p. 62 |
Religion and Culture in Israel | p. 68 |
The Greek World | |
The Emergence of Greek Civilization | p. 79 |
Geography and History | p. 79 |
The Origins of Greek Culture | p. 80 |
The Minoan and Mycenaean Ages | p. 81 |
The Mycenaean Age | p. 85 |
The Dark Ages | p. 90 |
Out of the Darkness: The Archaic Age | p. 93 |
The Example of Two Cities: Sparta and Athens | p. 99 |
Polis Society | p. 102 |
Culture and Society in the Archaic Age | p. 108 |
The Wars of the Greeks | p. 121 |
Persians and Greeks | p. 121 |
The Military Situation after the Persian Wars | p. 127 |
The Great War between Athens and Sparta | p. 130 |
The Hegemony of Sparta and Thebes | p. 137 |
Classical Athens | p. 141 |
The Early Classical period (ca. 490-450 B.C.) | p. 141 |
The Classical Age, Part I (450-430 B.C.) | p. 145 |
The Later Classical Period (430-338 B.C.) | p. 154 |
Athenian Society | p. 163 |
Philip, Alexander, and the Hellenistic World | p. 184 |
Backward Macedonia Challenges Greece | p. 184 |
The Genius of Philip | p. 185 |
The Orator and the King: Demosthenes and Philip | p. 186 |
Alexander the Great | p. 188 |
Campaigns in Central Asia (330-323 B.C.) | p. 192 |
Alexander's Successors | p. 193 |
The State and Society in the Hellenistic World | p. 195 |
Hellenistic Society | p. 198 |
Culture and Religion in the Hellenistic World | p. 204 |
Greek High Culture Adapts to a New Environment | p. 214 |
Becoming Greek: Education in the New World | p. 226 |
The Hellenistic Age: Achievements and Limitations | p. 229 |
The Roman World | |
Early Rome | p. 231 |
The Western Mediterranean and Early Italy | p. 231 |
The Latins and Early Rome | p. 239 |
The Republic | p. 242 |
The Social and Political Achievement of Early Rome: Consensus | p. 249 |
The Building of an Empire | p. 251 |
The Growth of Rome in Italy | p. 251 |
The Punic Wars | p. 261 |
Roman Territorial Expansion after the Hannibalic War | p. 265 |
Society and the State in the Roman Republic | p. 270 |
An Estimate of Roman Society | p. 285 |
The Transformation of the Roman Republic | p. 287 |
The Old Order Fades | p. 287 |
The Gracchan Revolution: Social and Political Context | p. 297 |
From the Gracchi to Augustus: The Roman Revolution | p. 302 |
The Fall of the Roman Republic | p. 309 |
The Roman World from Augustus to the Third-Century Crisis | p. 320 |
The Reforms of Augustus | p. 320 |
Rounding Out the Empire | p. 326 |
The Severan Emperors | p. 332 |
The Roman Peace | p. 336 |
Challenge and Response | p. 336 |
Society and the State in the Empire | p. 338 |
The Government, the Army, and Society | p. 361 |
The Empire from the Third-Century Crisis to Justinian | p. 368 |
The Third-Century Crisis | p. 368 |
Political Anarchy | p. 370 |
Diocletian and Constantine | p. 372 |
The Emperor and the Administration | p. 376 |
The Army, the Empire, and the Barbarians | p. 380 |
The Collapse of the Western Empire | p. 382 |
The Rise of the Byzantine Empire | p. 385 |
The Transformed Mediterranean | p. 387 |
History Moves Northward and Eastward | p. 387 |
The Transformation of the Classical Tradition | p. 390 |
The Empire and the Church Come to Terms | p. 391 |
The Christian Way of Life | p. 396 |
Civilizing the Barbarians | p. 403 |
Diverging Beliefs | p. 405 |
Islam and the Transformation of the Mediterranean | p. 406 |
Religious Legacies | p. 409 |
Epilogue | p. 411 |
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