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| Introduction | |
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| What Economics Is About | |
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| Uses of Economic Theory | |
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| The Scope of Economics | |
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| Individuals, Families, and Households | |
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| A Note on Terminology | |
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| Outline of the Book | |
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| Appendix: A Review of Supply and Demand in the Labor Market | |
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| Women and Men: Historical Perspectives | |
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| The Source of Gender Differences: Nature versus Nurture-The Ongoing Debate | |
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| Factors Influencing Women's Relative Status | |
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| Women's Roles and Economic Development | |
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| The U.S. Experience | |
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| The Family as an Economic Unit: Theoretical Perspectives | |
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| The Simple Neoclassical Model: Specialization and Exchange | |
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| Disadvantages of Specialization | |
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| Advantages of Families Beyond Specialization | |
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| Transaction Cost and Bargaining Approaches | |
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| Appendix: Specialization and Exchange: A Graphical Analysis | |
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| The Family as an Economic Unit: Evidence | |
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| Time Spent in Nonmarket Work | |
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| Estimating the Value of Nonmarket Production | |
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| The American Family in the Twenty-First Century | |
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| The Labor Force: Definitions and Trends | |
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| The Labor Force: Some Definitions | |
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| Trends in Labor Force Participation | |
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| Trends in Labor Force Attachment of Women | |
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| Trends in Hours Worked | |
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| Trends in Gender Differences in Unemployment | |
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| The Labor Supply Decision | |
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| The Labor Supply Decision | |
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| Some Applications of the Theory: Taxes, Child Care Costs, and Labor Supply | |
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| Analyzing the Long-term Growth in Women's Labor Force Participation | |
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| Recent Trends in Women's Labor Force Participation: Has the Engine of Growth Stalled? | |
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| Analyzing Trends in Men's Labor Force Participation | |
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| Black and White Participation Differentials: Serious Employment Problems for Black Men | |
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| Appendix: The Income and Substitution Effects: A Closer Look | |
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| Evidence on Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes | |
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| Gender Differences in Occupations | |
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| The Gender Pay Ratio | |
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| Gender Differences in Union Membership | |
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| Gender Differences in Self-Employment | |
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| Gender Differences in Nonstandard Work | |
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| Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: Theory and Evidence | |
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| Chapter Highlights | |
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| Supply and Demand Explanations: An Overview | |
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| What Is Human Capital? | |
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| Evidence on Gender Differences in Educational Attainment | |
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| The Educational Investment Decision | |
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| The Rising College Wage Premium | |
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| Education and Productivity | |
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| Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: the Human Capital Explanation | |
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| Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: Social Influences and Anticipation of Discrimination | |
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| Policy Issues: Title IX-Sports, Academics, and the Status of Single-Sex Education | |
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| Explaining Women's Rising Educational Attainment | |
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| Other Supply-Side Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes: On-the-Job Training, Family Gaps, Psychological Attributes and Math Test Scores | |
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| On-the-Job Training and Labor Market Experience | |
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| Why do Firms Pay Tuition Benefits? | |
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| Gender Differences in Labor Market Experience | |
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| The On-the-Job Training Investment Decision | |
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| Experience and Productivity | |
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| Gender Differences in Training Investment Decisions | |
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| Occupations and Earnings | |
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| Family-Related Earnings Gaps | |
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| Gender Differences in Psychological Attributes | |
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| A Closer Look at Gender Differences in Math Test Scores | |
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| Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings and Occupations: Supply-Side Factors Versus Labor Market Discrimination | |
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| Labor Market Discrimination: A Definition | |
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| Analyzing the Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes | |
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| Empirical Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings | |
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| The Declining Gender Pay Gap | |
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| Empirical Evidence on the Causes and Consequences of Gender Differences in Occupations | |
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| Appendix: Regression Analysis and Empirical Estimates of Labor Market Discrimination | |
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| Labor Market Discrimination: Theory | |
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| Theories of Labor Market Discrimination: An Overview | |
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| Tastes for Discrimination | |
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| Subtle Barriers | |
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| Statistical Discrimination | |
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| The Overcrowding Model | |
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| Institutional Models (including dual labor markets) | |
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| Feedback Effects | |
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| Government Policies to Combat Employment Discrimination | |
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| Rationales for Government Intervention | |
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| Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Regulations | |
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| Effectiveness of the Government's Antidiscrimination Effort | |
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| Affirmative Action | |
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| Comparable Worth | |
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| Changing Work Roles and Family Formation | |
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| Economic Explanations for Family Formation | |
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| Marriage | |
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| Divorce | |
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| Cohabitation: Opposite-Sex and Same-Sex Couples | |
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| Fertility | |
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| The Changing American Family and Implications for Family | |
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| Changing Family Structure | |
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| Poverty: Incidence and Measurement | |
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| Implications for Children's Well-Being | |
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| Government Policies Affecting Family Well-Being Policies to Alleviate Poverty | |
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| Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) | |
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| Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) | |
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| Child Support Enforcement | |
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| Employment Strategies | |
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| Taxes, Specialization, and Marriage | |
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| Federal Income Tax | |
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| Social Security | |
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| Balancing the Competing Demands of Work and Family | |
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| The Competing Demands of Work and Family | |
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| Rationales for Government and Employer Policies to Assist Workers | |
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| Family Leave | |
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| Child Care | |
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| Other Employer-Provided Family Friendly Policies | |
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| Gender Differences Around the World: An Overview | |
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| Indicators of Women's Economic Status | |
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| Labor Force Participation | |
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| Occupations | |
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| Earnings | |
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| Educational Attainment | |
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| Fertility | |
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| Housework | |
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| Women's Role in Government and Their Standing Before the Law | |
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| Cultural Factors | |
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| Women's Status: An Assessment | |
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| Economic Development, Globalization, and Women's Status | |
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| Gender Differences Around the World: A Closer Look at Specific Countries and Regions | |
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| A Comparison of the United States to Other Economically Advanced Countries | |
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| Challenges Facing Women in Developing Countries | |
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| Countries of the Former Soviet Bloc | |
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| Countries of the Middle East and North Africa | |