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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Personality Theory | |
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| Personality: The Study of Individuals | |
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| Description of Personality | |
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| Personality Dynamics | |
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| Personality Development | |
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| The Scientific Approach | |
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| Methods in Personality Research | |
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| One Theory or Many? Eclecticism and the Future of Personality Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Personality Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Psychoanalytic Perspective | |
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| Freud: Classical Psychoanalysis | |
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| Preview: Overview of Freud's Theory | |
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| The Unconscious | |
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| Structures of the Personality | |
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| Intrapsychic Conflict | |
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| Personality Development | |
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| Psychoanalytic Treatment | |
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| Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Freud's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Jung: Analytical Psychology | |
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| Preview: Overview of Jung's Theory | |
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| The Structure of Personality | |
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| Symbolism and the Collective Unconscious | |
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| Therapy | |
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| Synchronicity | |
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| Psychological Types | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Jung's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Psychoanalytic-Social Perspective | |
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| Adler: Individual Psychology | |
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| Preview: Overview of Adler's Theory | |
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| Striving from Inferiority toward Superiority | |
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| The Unity of Personality | |
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| The Development of Personality | |
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| Psychological Health | |
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| Interventions Based on Adler's Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Adler's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Erikson: Psychosocial Development | |
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| Preview: Overview of Erikson's Theory | |
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| The Epigenetic Principle | |
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| The Psychosocial Stages | |
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| The Role of Culture in Relation to the Psychosocial Stages | |
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| Racial and Ethnic Identity | |
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| Gender | |
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| Research on Development through the Psychosocial Stages | |
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| Toward a Psychoanalytic Social Psychology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Erikson's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Horney and Relational Theory: Interpersonal Psychoanalytic Theory | |
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| Preview: Overview of Interpersonal Psychoanalytic Theory | |
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| Interpersonal Psychoanalysis: Horney | |
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| Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility | |
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| Three Interpersonal Orientations | |
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| Major Adjustments to Basic Anxiety | |
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| Secondary Adjustment Techniques | |
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| Cultural Determinants of Development | |
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| Therapy | |
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| Parental Behavior and Personality Development | |
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| The Relational Approach within Psychoanalytic Theory | |
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| The Sense of Self in Relationships | |
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| Narcissism | |
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| Attachment in Infancy and Adulthood | |
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| Parenting | |
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| Therapy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Horney's Theory and the Relational Approach | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Trait Perspective | |
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| Allport: Personological Trait Theory | |
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| Preview: Overview of Allport's Theory | |
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| Major Themes in Allport's Work | |
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| Allport's Definition of Personality | |
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| Personality Traits | |
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| Personality Development | |
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| Influence of Personality on Social Phenomena | |
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| Eclecticism | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Allport's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Cattell's 16 Factors and the Big Five: Factor Analytic Trait Theories | |
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| Preview: Overview of Factor Analytic Trait Theories | |
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| Factor Analysis | |
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| The 16 Factor Theory: Cattell | |
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| Personality Measurement and the Prediction of Behavior | |
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| Because Personality Is Complex: A Multivariate Approach | |
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| Psychological Adjustment | |
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| Three Types of Traits | |
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| Predicting Behavior | |
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| Determinants of Personality: Heredity and Environment | |
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| The Role of Theory in Cattell's Empirical Approach | |
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| The Five-Factor Theory: McCrae and Costa | |
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| Extraversion | |
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| Agreeableness | |
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| Neuroticism | |
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| Conscientiousness | |
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| Openness | |
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| More about These Five Factors | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Factor Analytic Trait Theories | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Evolution and Temperament: Biological Theories | |
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| Preview: Overview of Biological Theories | |
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| Evolutionary Approaches | |
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| Emotions | |
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| Altruism | |
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| Sexual Behavior | |
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| Parental Behavior | |
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| Aggression and Dominance | |
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| Culture | |
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| Language and Thought | |
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| Genetics and Personality | |
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| Temperament | |
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| Biological Contributors to Personality | |
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| The Brain | |
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| Emotional Arousal | |
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| Cortical Arousal | |
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| Biological Factor Theories: Eysenck, Gray, and Others | |
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| Eysenck's "PEN" Biological Model | |
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| Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory | |
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| Cloninger's Tridimensional Model | |
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| Biological Mechanisms in Context | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Biological Personality Theories | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Learning Perspective | |
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| Skinner and Staats: The Challenge of Behaviorism | |
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| Preview: Overview of Skinner's and Staats's Theories | |
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| Radical Behaviorism: Skinner | |
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| Behavior as the Data for Scientific Study | |
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| Learning Principles | |
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| Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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| Applications of Behavioral Techniques | |
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| Radical Behaviorism and Personality Theory: Some Concerns | |
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| Psychological Behaviorism: Staats | |
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| Reinforcement | |
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| Basic Behavioral Repertoires | |
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| Situations | |
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| Psychological Adjustment | |
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| The Nature-Nurture Question from the Perspective of Psychological Behaviorism | |
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| Personality Assessment from a Behavioral Perspective | |
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| The Act Frequency Approach to Personality Measurement | |
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| Contributions of Behaviorism to Personality Theory and Measurement | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Skinner's Theory | |
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| Thinking about Staats's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Dollard and Miller: Psychoanalytic Learning Theory | |
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| Preview: Overview of Dollard and Miller's Theory | |
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| Four Fundamental Concepts about Learning | |
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| The Learning Process | |
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| Learning by Imitation | |
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| The Four Critical Training Periods of Childhood | |
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| Conflict | |
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| Frustration and Aggression | |
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| Language | |
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| Neurosis | |
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| Psychotherapy | |
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| Suppression | |
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| Psychoanalytic Learning Theory Reconsidered | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Dollard and Miller's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Cognitive Social Learning Perspective | |
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| Mischel and Bandura: Cognitive Social Learning Theory | |
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| Preview: Overview of Mischel's and Bandura's Theories | |
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| Traits in Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Mischel | |
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| The Trait Controversy: Mischel's Challenge | |
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| Cognitive Person Variables | |
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| Delay of Gratification | |
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| Performance in Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Bandura | |
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| Reciprocal Determinism | |
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| Self-Regulation of Behavior: The Self-System | |
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| Self-Efficacy | |
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| Processes Influencing Learning | |
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| Observational Learning and Modeling | |
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| Therapy | |
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| The Person in the Social Environment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Mischel's and Bandura's Theories | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Kelly: Personal Construct Theory | |
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| Preview: Overview of Kelly's Theory | |
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| Constructive Alternativism | |
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| The Process of Construing | |
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| The Structure of Construct Systems | |
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| The Social Embeddedness of Construing Efforts | |
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| The Role Construct Repertory (REP) Test | |
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| Cognitive Complexity | |
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| Personality Change | |
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| Therapy | |
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| Research Findings | |
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| Constructivism, Social Constructionism, and Postmodernism | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Kelly's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Humanistic Perspective | |
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| Rogers: Person-Centered Theory | |
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| Preview: Overview of Rogers's Theory | |
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| The Actualizing Tendency | |
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| The Self | |
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| Development | |
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| Therapy | |
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| Other Applications | |
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| Criticisms of Rogers's Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Rogers's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Maslow: Need Hierarchy Theory | |
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| Preview: Overview of Maslow's Theory | |
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| Need Hierarchy Theory: Maslow | |
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| Maslow's Vision of Psychology | |
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| Hierarchy of Needs | |
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| Self-Actualization | |
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| Applications and Implications of Maslow's Theory | |
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| Maslow's Challenge to Traditional Science | |
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| Other Growth Themes in Psychological Theory | |
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| Self-Determination Theory and Intrinsic Motivation | |
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| Positive Psychology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Maslow's Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Buddhist Psychology: Lessons from Eastern Culture | |
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| Preview: Overview of Buddhist Psychology | |
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| The Relevance of Buddhism for Personality Psychology | |
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| A Brief History of Buddhism | |
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| The Buddhist Worldview: The Four Noble Truths | |
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| Buddhism and Personality Concepts | |
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| Spiritual Practices | |
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| Buddhism and Psychotherapy | |
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| The Importance of the Dialogue, and Some Cautions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Buddhist Psychology | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Contributions of the Theories to Various Topics | |
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| Choosing or Combining Theories | |
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| Theories as Metaphors | |
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| What Lies Ahead? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Thinking about Personality Theory | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Photo Credits | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |