| |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electronic Structure and Bonding Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure of an Atom | |
| |
| |
| |
| How the Electrons in an Atom are Distributed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ionic and Covalent BondsIonic Bonds are Formed by the Transfer of ElectronsCovalent Bonds are Formed by Sharing ElectronsPolar Covalent Bonds | |
| |
| |
| |
| How the Structure of a Compound is RepresentedLewis StructuresKekule StructuresCondensed Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atomic Orbitals | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Single Bonds are Formed in Organic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| The Bonds in Methane | |
| |
| |
| The Bonds in Ethane | |
| |
| |
| |
| How a Double Bond is Formed: The Bonds in Ethene | |
| |
| |
| |
| How a Triple Bonds is Formed: The Bonds in Ethyne | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bonds in the Methyl Cation, the Methyl Radical, and the Methyl Anion | |
| |
| |
| The Methyl CationThe Methyl Radical | |
| |
| |
| The Methyl Anion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bonds in Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bonds in Ammonia and in the Ammonium Ion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bonds in the Hydrogen Halides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary: Hybridization, Bond Lengths, Bond Strengths, and Bond Angles | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Dipole Moments of Molecules | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| pKa and pH | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| How to Predict the Outcome of an Acid-Base Reaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| How the Structure of an Acid Affects Its Acidity | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Substituents Affect the Strength of an Acid | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Delocalized Electrons | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Summary of the Factors that Determine Acid Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
| How the pH Affects the Structure of an Organic Compound | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buffer Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Second Definition of Acid and Base: Lewis Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Introduction to Organic Compounds Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Representation of Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Alkyl Substituents are Named | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nomenclature of Alkanes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nomenclature of Ethers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nomenclature of Alcohols | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nomenclature of Amines | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structures of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Physical Properties of Alkanes, Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and AminesBoiling PointsMelting PointsSolubility | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rotation Occurs About Carbon-Carbon Bonds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Cycloalkanes Have Ring Strain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conformations of Cyclohexane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conformers of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conformers of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrophilic Addition Reactions, Stereochemistry, and Electron Deelocalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature and An Introduction Toreactivity Thermodynamics and Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Formulas and the Degree of Unsaturation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nomenclature of Alkenes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structures of Alkenes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alkenes Can Have Cis and Trans Isomers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Naming Alkenes Using the E,Z System | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Alkenes React Curved Arrows Show the Flow of Electrons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamics and Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| A Reaction Coordinate Diagram Describes the Reaction Pathway | |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamics: How Much Product Is Formed? | |
| |
| |
| Kinetics: How Fast Is the Product Formed? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using a Reaction Coordinate Diagram to Describe a Reaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Reactions of Alkenes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Addition of a Hydrogen Halide to an Alkene | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carbocation Stability Depends on the Number of Alkyl Groups Attached to the Positively Charged Carbon | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure of the Tr | |
