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An Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry | |
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Electronic Structure and Bonding Acids and Bases | |
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The Structure of an Atom | |
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How the Electrons in an Atom are Distributed | |
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Ionic and Covalent BondsIonic Bonds are Formed by the Transfer of ElectronsCovalent Bonds are Formed by Sharing ElectronsPolar Covalent Bonds | |
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How the Structure of a Compound is RepresentedLewis StructuresKekule StructuresCondensed Structures | |
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Atomic Orbitals | |
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An Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory | |
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How Single Bonds are Formed in Organic Compounds | |
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The Bonds in Methane | |
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The Bonds in Ethane | |
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How a Double Bond is Formed: The Bonds in Ethene | |
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How a Triple Bonds is Formed: The Bonds in Ethyne | |
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The Bonds in the Methyl Cation, the Methyl Radical, and the Methyl Anion | |
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The Methyl CationThe Methyl Radical | |
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The Methyl Anion | |
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The Bonds in Water | |
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The Bonds in Ammonia and in the Ammonium Ion | |
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The Bonds in the Hydrogen Halides | |
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Summary: Hybridization, Bond Lengths, Bond Strengths, and Bond Angles | |
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The Dipole Moments of Molecules | |
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An Introduction to Acids and Bases | |
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pKa and pH | |
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Organic Acids and Bases | |
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How to Predict the Outcome of an Acid-Base Reaction | |
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How the Structure of an Acid Affects Its Acidity | |
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How Substituents Affect the Strength of an Acid | |
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An Introduction to Delocalized Electrons | |
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A Summary of the Factors that Determine Acid Strength | |
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How the pH Affects the Structure of an Organic Compound | |
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Buffer Solutions | |
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The Second Definition of Acid and Base: Lewis Acids and Bases | |
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An Introduction to Organic Compounds Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Representation of Structure | |
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How Alkyl Substituents are Named | |
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Nomenclature of Alkanes | |
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Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes | |
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Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides | |
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Nomenclature of Ethers | |
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Nomenclature of Alcohols | |
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Nomenclature of Amines | |
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The Structures of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines | |
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The Physical Properties of Alkanes, Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and AminesBoiling PointsMelting PointsSolubility | |
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Rotation Occurs About Carbon-Carbon Bonds | |
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Some Cycloalkanes Have Ring Strain | |
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Conformations of Cyclohexane | |
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Conformers of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes | |
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Conformers of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes | |
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Electrophilic Addition Reactions, Stereochemistry, and Electron Deelocalization | |
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Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature and An Introduction Toreactivity Thermodynamics and Kinetics | |
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Molecular Formulas and the Degree of Unsaturation | |
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Nomenclature of Alkenes | |
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The Structures of Alkenes | |
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Alkenes Can Have Cis and Trans Isomers | |
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Naming Alkenes Using the E,Z System | |
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How Alkenes React Curved Arrows Show the Flow of Electrons | |
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Thermodynamics and Kinetics | |
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A Reaction Coordinate Diagram Describes the Reaction Pathway | |
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Thermodynamics: How Much Product Is Formed? | |
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Kinetics: How Fast Is the Product Formed? | |
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Using a Reaction Coordinate Diagram to Describe a Reaction | |
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The Reactions of Alkenes | |
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Addition of a Hydrogen Halide to an Alkene | |
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Carbocation Stability Depends on the Number of Alkyl Groups Attached to the Positively Charged Carbon | |
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The Structure of the Tr | |