| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| To the Student | |
| |
| |
| Highlights of the Eleventh Edition | |
| |
| |
| Student Media Resources | |
| |
| |
| Instructor Media Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemistry: A Science for All Seasons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Baconian Dream and the Carsonian Nightmare | |
| |
| |
| |
| Science: Testable, Reproducible, Explanatory, Predictive, and Tentative | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Limitations of Science | |
| |
| |
| |
| Science and Technology: Risks and Benefits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemistry: Its Central Role | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solving Society's Problems: Scientific Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Measurement of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Density | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy: Heat and Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Critical Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atoms: Are They for Real? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atoms: The Greek Idea | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lavoisier: The Law of Conservation of Mass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Proust: The Law of Definite Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
| John Dalton and the Atomic Theory of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Out of Chaos: The Periodic Table | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atoms: Real and Relevant | |
| |
| |
| |
| Leucippus Revisited: Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atomic Structure: Images of the Invisible | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electricity and the Atom | |
| |
| |
| |
| Serendipity in Science: X-Rays and Radioactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three Types of Radioactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rutherford's Experiment: The Nuclear Model of the Atom | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Atomic Nucleus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electron Arrangement: The Bohr Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electron Arrangement: The Quantum Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table | |
| |
| |
| |
| Which Model to Choose? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Chemistry: The Heart of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Natural Radioactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Half-Life | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radioisotopic Dating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Artificial Transmutation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uses of Radioisotopes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Penetrating Power of Radiation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy from the Nucleus | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Building of the Bomb | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radioactive Fallout | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Power Plants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermonuclear Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nuclear Age | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Bonds: The Ties That Bind | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configurations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lewis (Electron-Dot) Symbols | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sodium Reacts with Chlorine: Facts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sodium Reacts with Chlorine: The Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using Lewis Symbols: More Ionic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic Compounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pairs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polyatomic Ions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rules for Writing Lewis Formulas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Odd-Electron Molecules: Free Radicals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar Molecules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intermolecular Forces and the States of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Chemical Vocabulary | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Accounting: Mass and Volume Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Sentences: Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Volume Relationships in Chemical Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Avogadro's Number: 6.02 x 10[superscript 23] | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Mole: "A Dozen Eggs and a Mole of Sugar, Please" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mole and Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Gas Laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acids and Bases: Please Pass the Protons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acids, Bases, and Salts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acidic and Basic Anhydrides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strong and Weak Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neutralization | |
| |
| |
| |
| The pH Scale | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acid Rain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antacids: A Basic Remedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acids and Bases in Industry and in Us | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxidation and Reduction: Burn and Unburn | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxidation and Reduction: Three Views | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxidizing and Reducing Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrochemistry: Cells and Batteries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Explosive Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxygen: An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Common Oxidizing Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Reducing Agents of Interest | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look at Hydrogen | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxidation, Reduction, and Living Things | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Unique Carbon Atom | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alkanes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cyclic Hydrocarbons: Rings and Things | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unsaturated and Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzene and Relatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Many Uses, Some Hazards | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Functional Group | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Alcohol Family | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phenols | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ethers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aldehydes and Ketones | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carboxylic Acids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Esters: The Sweet Smell of RCOOR' | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amines and Amides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heterocyclic Compounds: Alkaloids and Others | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polymers: Giants Among Molecules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polymerization: Making Big Ones Out of Little Ones | |
| |
| |
| |
| Natural Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Celluloid: Billiard Balls and Collars | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polyethylene: From the Battle of Britain to Bread Bags | |
| |
| |
| |
| Addition Polymerization: One + One + One + ... Gives ONE! | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rubber and Other Elastomers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Condensation Polymers: Splitting Out Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Disposal of Plastics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plastics and Fire Hazards | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plasticizers and Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plastics and the Future | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemistry of Earth: Metals and Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spaceship Earth: The Materials Manifest | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Lithosphere: Organic and Inorganic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Meeting Our Needs: From Sticks to Bricks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicates and the Shapes of Things | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modified Silicates: Ceramics, Glass, and Cement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Metals and Ores | |
| |
| |
| |
| Running Out of Everything: Earth's Dwindling Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Land Pollution: Solid Wastes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Three R's of Garbage: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Crowded Is Our Spaceship? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Air: The Breath of Life | |
| |
| |
| |
| Earth's Atmosphere: Divisions and Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemistry of the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temperature Inversion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Natural Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Air Our Ancestors Breathed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pollution Goes Global | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coal + Fire to Industrial Smog | |
| |
| |
| |
| Automobile Emissions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photochemical Smog: Making Haze While the Sun Shines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acid Rain: Air Pollution to Water Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Inside Story: Indoor Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ozone: The Double-Edged Sword | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ultimate Pollutant: Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
| Who Pollutes? How Much? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Paying the Price | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water: Rivers of Life; Seas of Sorrows | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water: Some Unique Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water, Water, Everywhere | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Water Cycle and Natural Contaminants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical and Biological Contamination | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Example of Industrial Pollution: Building a Car | |
| |
| |
| |
| Groundwater Contamination to Tainted Tap Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making Water Fit to Drink | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water Treatment Plants | |
| |
| |
| |
| From Wastewater to Drinking Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Newest Soft Drink: Bottled Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alternative Sewage Treatment Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| We're the Solution to Water Pollution | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy: A Fuels Paradise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heavenly Sunlight Flooding Earth with Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy and Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy and the First Law: Energy Is Conserved | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy and the Second Law: Things Are Going to Get Worse | |
| |
| |
| |
| People Power: Early Uses of Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reserves and Consumption Rates of Fossil Fuels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coal: The Carbon Rock of Ages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Natural Gas: Mostly Methane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Petroleum: Liquid Hydrocarbons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Convenient Energy: Electricity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Fission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Fusion: The Sun in a Magnetic Bottle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Harnessing the Sun: Solar Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biomass: Photosynthesis for Fuel | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen: Light and Powerful | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Renewable Energy Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy: How Much Is Too Much? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biochemistry: A Molecular View of Life | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Cell | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy in Biological Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carbohydrates: A Storehouse of Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fats and Other Lipids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Peptide Bond: Peptides and Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enzymes: Exquisite Precision Machines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nucleic Acids: Parts and Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| DNA: Self-Replication | |
| |
| |
| |
| RNA: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Human Genome | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Food: Molecular Gastronomy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carbohydrates in the Diet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fats and Cholesterol | |
| |
| |
| |
| Proteins: Muscle and Much More | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minerals: Important Inorganic Chemicals and Life | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Vitamins: Vital, But Not All Are Amines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Essentials: Fiber and Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Starvation and Fasting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Additives to Enhance Our Food | |
| |
| |
| |
| Poisons in Our Food | |
| |
| |
| |
| A World Without Food Additives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Green Plants: Sun-Powered Food-Making Machines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Farming with Chemicals: Fertilizers | |
| |
| |
| |
| The War Against Pests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Insect Controls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Herbicides and Defoliants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sustainable Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Malthusian Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Can We Feed a Hungry World? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Household Chemicals: Helps and Hazards | |
| |
| |
| |
| A History of Cleaning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fat + Lye to Soap | |
| |
| |
| |
| Synthetic Detergents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laundry Detergent Formulations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dishwashing Detergents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fabric Softeners: Quaternary Ammonium Salts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laundry Bleaches: Whiter Whites | |
| |
| |
| |
| All-Purpose Cleaning Products | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special-Purpose Cleaners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic Solvents in the Home | |
| |
| |
| |
| Paints | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waxes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cosmetics: Personal Care Chemicals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Toothpaste: Soap with Grit and Flavor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Perfumes, Colognes, and Aftershaves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Hairy Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Well-Informed Consumer | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fitness and Health: Some Chemical Connections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calories: Quantity and Quality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vitamins and Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Body Fluids and Electrolytes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight-Loss Diets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercise for Weight Loss | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measuring Fitness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Chemistry of Muscles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drugs and the Athlete | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercise and the Brain | |
| |
| |
| |
| No Smoking | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drugs: Chemical Cures, Comforts, and Cautions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scientific Drug Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pain Relievers: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemistry, Allergies, and the Common Cold | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antibacterial Drugs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viruses and Antiviral Drugs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemicals Against Cancer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hormones: The Regulators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemistry and Social Revolution: The Pill | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drugs for the Heart | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drugs and the Mind | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Chemistry of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brain Amines: Depression and Mania | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anesthetics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Depressant Drugs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Narcotics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antianxiety Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stimulant Drugs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychedelic Drugs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drug Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Placebo Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| New Uses for Old Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Poisons: Chemical Toxicology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Natural Poisons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corrosive Poisons: A Closer Look | |
| |
| |
| |
| Poisons Affecting Oxygen Transport and Oxidative Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Make Your Own Poison: Fluoroacetic Acid | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heavy Metal Poisons | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Chemistry of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Lethal Dose | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Liver as a Detox Facility | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Carcinogens: Slow Poisons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three Ways to Test for Carcinogens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Birth Defects: Teratogens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hazardous Wastes | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Price Poisons? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Additional Problems | |
| |
| |
| Collaborative Group Projects | |
| |
| |
| References and Readings | |
| |
| |
| Green Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Review of Measurement and Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Answers | |
| |
| |
| Photo Credits | |
| |
| |
| Index | |